In the

Medieval In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...

Kingdom of Portugal The Kingdom of Portugal ( la, Regnum Portugalliae, pt, Reino de Portugal) was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic. Existing to various extents between 1139 and 1910, it was also kn ...

, the Cortes was an assembly of representatives of the

estates of the realm The estates of the realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the Middle Ages to early modern Europe. Different systems for dividing society members into estates developed a ...

– the

nobility Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. The character ...

clergy Clergy are formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion's doctrines and practices. Some of the ter ...

and bourgeoisie. It was called and dismissed by the King of Portugal at will, at a place of his choosing.O'Callaghan, J.F. (2003) "Cortes, Leon, Castile and Portugal" in E.M. Gerli,editor, 2003, Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, London: Routledge Cortes which brought all three estates together are sometimes distinguished as Cortes-Gerais (General Courts), in contrast to smaller assemblies which brought only one or two estates, to negotiate a specific point relevant only to them.Coelho da Rocha, M.A. (1851) ''Ensaio sobre a historia do governo e da legislação de Portugal: para servir de introducção ao estudo do direito patrio'' Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, p.102-03. Portuguese monarchs had always called intermittent "king's courts" ('' Curia Regis''), consultative assemblies of feudal nobles and landed clerics (bishops, abbots and the masters of the Military Orders) to advise on major matters. This practice probably originated in the

protofeudalism Protofeudalism ( es, protofeudalismo / feudalismo prematuro) is a concept in medieval history, especially the history of Spain, according to which the direct precursors of feudalism can be found in Late Antiquity. Historiographical context Spanish ...

of the 6th-century

Visigothic Kingdom The Visigothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of the Goths ( la, Regnum Gothorum), was a kingdom that occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th centuries. One of the Germanic successor states to ...

. But, during the 13th century, with the growing power of

municipalities A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality'' may also mean the ...

, and kings increasingly reliant on urban

militia A militia () is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers, citizens of a country, or subjects of a state, who may perform military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of r ...

s, incorporated towns gained the right to participate in the king's court. The Cortes assembled at

Leiria Leiria (; cel-x-proto, ɸlāryo) is a city and municipality in the Central Region of Portugal. It is the 2nd largest city in that same region, with a municipality population of 128,640 (as of 2021) in an area of . It is the seat of its own dist ...

in 1254 by Afonso III of Portugal was the first known Portuguese Cortes to explicitly include representatives of the municipalities. In this, Portugal was accompanying the pattern in neighboring Iberian kingdoms (e.g. the Kings of León admitted town representatives to their

Cortes Cortes, Cortés, Cortês, Corts, or Cortès may refer to: People * Cortes (surname), including a list of people with the name ** Hernán Cortés (1485–1547), a Spanish conquistador Places * Cortes, Navarre, a village in the South border of ...

in 1188). Medieval Kings of Portugal continued to rely on small assemblies of notables, and only summoned the full Cortes on extraordinary occasions. A Cortes would be called if the king wanted to introduce new taxes, change some fundamental laws, announce significant shifts in foreign policy (e.g. ratify treaties), or settle matters of royal succession, issues where the cooperation and assent of the towns were necessary. Changing taxation (especially requesting war subsidies), was probably the most frequent reason for convening the Cortes. As the nobles and clergy were largely tax-exempt, setting taxation involved intensive negotiations between the royal council and the burgher delegates at the Cortes. Delegates (''procuradores'') not only considered the king's proposals, but, in turn, also used the Cortes to submit

petition A petition is a request to do something, most commonly addressed to a government official or public entity. Petitions to a deity are a form of prayer called supplication. In the colloquial sense, a petition is a document addressed to some offi ...

s of their own to the royal council on a myriad of matters, e.g. extending and confirming town privileges, punishing abuses of officials, introducing new price controls, constraints on Jews, pledges on coinage, etc. The royal response to these petitions became enshrined as ordinances and statutes, thus giving the Cortes the aspect of a

legislature A legislature is an assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. They are often contrasted with the executive and judicial powers of government. Laws enacted by legislatures are usually known ...

. These petitions were originally referred to as ''aggravamentos'' (grievances) then ''artigos'' (articles) and eventually ''capitulos'' (chapters). In a Cortes-Gerais, petitions were discussed and voted upon separately by each estate and required the approval of at least two of the three estates before being passed up to the royal council. The proposal was then subject to royal

veto A veto is a legal power to unilaterally stop an official action. In the most typical case, a president or monarch vetoes a bill to stop it from becoming law. In many countries, veto powers are established in the country's constitution. Veto ...

(either accepted or rejected by the king in its entirety) before becoming law. Nonetheless, the exact extent of Cortes power was ambiguous. Kings insisted on their ancient prerogative to promulgate laws independently of the Cortes. The compromise, in theory, was that ordinances enacted in Cortes could only be modified or repealed by Cortes. But even that principle was often circumvented or ignored in practice. The Cortes probably had their heyday in the 14th and 15th centuries, reaching their apex when the usurping John I of Portugal relied almost wholly upon the bourgeoisie for his power. For a period after the 1383–1385 Crisis, the Cortes were convened almost annually. But as time went on, they became less important. Portuguese monarchs, tapping into the riches of the

Portuguese empire The Portuguese Empire ( pt, Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas (''Ultramar Português'') or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (''Império Colonial Português''), was composed of the overseas colonies, factories, and the ...

overseas, grew less dependent on Cortes subsidies and convened them less frequently. John II (r.1481-1495) used them to break the high nobility, but dispensed with them otherwise.

Manuel I Manuel I may refer to: *Manuel I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (1143–1180) *Manuel I of Trebizond, Emperor of Trebizond (1228–1263) *Manuel I of Portugal Manuel I (; 31 May 146913 December 1521), known as the Fortunate ( pt, O Venturoso), was ...

(r.1495-1521) convened them only four times in his long reign. By the time of Sebastian (r.1554–1578), the Cortes was practically an irrelevance. Curiously, the Cortes gained a new importance with the Iberian Union of 1581, finding a role as the representative of Portuguese interests to the new Habsburg monarch. The Cortes played a critical role in the 1640 Restoration, and enjoyed a brief period of resurgence during the reign of John IV (r.1640-1656). But by the end of the 17th century, it found itself sidelined once again. It is essential, at this point, to remember the fact that there were only four occasions when the Cortes were of immense importance for the History of Portugal: with the coronation of D. João I, in the Courts of Coimbra in 1385; with the appointment of D. Pedro, Duque de Coimbra, as regent of D. Afonso V, in the Cortes of Torres Novas of 1438; with the coronation of Filipe I, in Cortes de Tomar, 1581; and, finally, with the acclamation of D. João IV, in the Cortes de Lisboa of 1645-1646. All of these occasions, finally confirming the essentially legitimating role of the reigning power. The last Cortes met in 1698, for the mere formality of confirming the appointment of Infante John (future John V) as the successor of Peter II of Portugal. Thereafter, Portuguese kings ruled as absolute monarchs.J.H. Saraiva, (1993) ''Historia de Portugal'' p.231 No Cortes were assembled for over a century. This state of affairs came to an end with the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which set in motion the introduction of a new constitution, and a permanent and proper

parliament In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. Th ...

, that however inherited the name of ''

Cortes Gerais The Cortes Gerais ( pre-1911 spelling: Cortes Geraes,https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:574055/PDF/ meaning ''General Courts'' in Portuguese) were the parliament of the Kingdom of Portugal during the Constitutional Monarchy ...

''.

List of Portuguese Cortes

Afonso I (1139–1185) * 1143 – Cortes of Lamego (legendary) – to confirm D.

Afonso Henriques Afonso I of PortugalOr also ''Affonso'' (Archaic Portuguese-Galician) or ''Alphonso'' (Portuguese-Galician) or ''Alphonsus'' ( Latin version), sometimes rendered in English as ''Alphonzo'' or ''Alphonse'', depending on the Spanish or French in ...

's title as the independent King of Portugal, and establish the rules of succession to the throne. Ostensibly, prevents succession by females if they are married to a foreigner. This has been since proven to be a purely legendary fabrication, invented at the time of the Restoration of 1640. Sancho I (1185–1211) Afonso II (1211–1223) * 1211 – Cortes of

Coimbra Coimbra (, also , , or ) is a city and a municipality in Portugal. The population of the municipality at the 2011 census was 143,397, in an area of . The fourth-largest urban area in Portugal after Lisbon, Porto, and Braga, it is the largest cit ...

– first definitive Cortes – established the first general laws (''Leis Gerais do Reino''), protecting the king's property, stipulating measures of administering justice and the rights of his subjects to be protected from abuses by royal officials and confirming the clerical donations of his predecessor. Also, affirmed the validity of

canon law Canon law (from grc, κανών, , a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is t ...

for the Church in Portugal, but also introduces the prohibition of the purchase of lands by churches or monasteries (although they can be acquired by donations and legacies). Sancho II (1223–1248) Afonso III (1248–1279) * 1254 – Cortes of

– first to include burgher delegates from the incorporated

Introduction of the , a fixed sum paid by the burghers to the Crown as a substitute for the ''septennium'' (the traditional revision of the face value of coinage by the Crown every seven years); also introduced staple laws on the Douro River, favoring the new royal city of Vila Nova de Gaia at the expense of the old episcopal city of

Porto Porto or Oporto () is the second-largest city in Portugal, the capital of the Porto District, and one of the Iberian Peninsula's major urban areas. Porto city proper, which is the entire municipality of Porto, is small compared to its metropo ...

. * 1256 – Cortes of Guimarães * 1261 – Cortes of Guimarães – to discuss the recent debasement of the currency; allowed Afonso III's recent debasement, but extracted pledges forbidding future debasements. In return for a new property tax, the old "septennium" is replaced with a new rule allowing only one revision of coinage per reign. * 1273 – Cortes of Santarém – to consider Pope Gregory X's bull ordering the restoration of property and rights of Portuguese bishops (seven of the nine Portuguese bishops had formally protested to the pope about the heavy-handed ''Inquirições Afonsinas'', the royal investigations, launched in 1258, into the titles of episcopal lands, ostensibly to "recover" alienated royal property.) The Cortes find the king has not violated anything. Denis (1279–1325) * 1282 – Cortes of

Évora Évora ( , ) is a city and a municipality in Portugal. It has 53,591 inhabitants (2021), in an area of 1307.08 km2. It is the historic capital of the Alentejo and serves as the seat of the Évora District. Due to its well-preserved old ...

– to review a royal offer to Pope Martin V to resolve the episcopal quarrel (the terms are unacceptable to the pope and rejected; documents suggest the offer was originally crafted by the king in consultation with the clergy alone in Guarda, and so the Évora Cortes may have only been considering a reply to the papal rejection) * 1283 – Cortes of

* 1285 – Cortes of

Lisbon Lisbon (; pt, Lisboa ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 544,851 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2. Lisbon's urban area extends beyond the city's administrative limits w ...

– to consider renewal of papal demand for restoration of episcopal rights again – papal position rejected again – Cortes approves a new round of ''Inquirições'', and requests the investigations be extended to the nobility (i.e. review their titular claims to tax-exempt property). Also approves new law forbidding the sale of lands to religious corporations (and forcing them to sell all land acquired since the beginning of his reign). * 1288 – Cortes of Guimarães – Cortes reiterates request for inquisitions into noble titles * 1289 – Cortes of

– ratify concordat of the Forty Articles with Pope Nicholas V, settling the episcopal question * 1323 – Cortes of

Afonso IV (1325–1357) * 1325 – Cortes of

– enacted sumptuary laws on Jews and Muslims * 1331 – Cortes of Santarém * 1334 – Cortes of Santarém – approved marriage of heir Peter to Castilian noblewoman Constance of Peñafiel, clearing the way for an interventionist war on behalf of her father, Juan Manuel de Vilhena, against King

Alfonso XI of Castile Alfonso XI (13 August 131126 March 1350), called the Avenger (''el Justiciero''), was King of Castile and León. He was the son of Ferdinand IV of Castile and his wife Constance of Portugal. Upon his father's death in 1312, several disputes en ...

. * 1335 – Cortes of

* 1340 – Cortes of Santarém * 1352 – Cortes of

– protest against the introduction of ''juízes de fora'' (external judges, nominated and paid for by the crown), as a violation of local charters and customary rights Peter I (1357–1367) * 1361 – Cortes of

Elvas Elvas () is a Portuguese municipality, former episcopal city and frontier fortress of easternmost central Portugal, located in the district of Portalegre in Alentejo. It is situated about east of Lisbon, and about west of the Spanish fortress ...

– negotiate ''concordata'' with the clergy; protest royal nomination of elective judges – first recorded use of ''beneplácito régio'' (requirement of royal review and assent before regulations issued by the Papal Curia could be applied to the clergy in Portugal) Ferdinand I (1367–1383) * 1371 – Cortes of

* 1372 – Cortes of

– protest against the Fernandine wars * 1372 – Cortes of

– Cortes rejects king Ferdinand's request for financing * 1373 – Cortes of Santarém * 1375 – Cortes of Atouguia * 1376 – Cortes of

– recognized Beatrice of Portugal as the heir of King Ferdinand * 1380 – Cortes of Torres Novas * 1383 – Cortes of Santarém John I (1385–1433) * 1385 – Cortes of

– to debate the pretenders to the throne, acclaim John, Master of Aviz, as King John I of Portugal; also imposed that the king must include burgher representatives in the royal council (from triple nomination lists supplied by the towns) and to impose no taxes or tributes, nor make war nor peace, without the consent of the Cortes; also the first Cortes to grant the king the ''sisas'' ( excise taxes on transactions, existing locally since at least 1311, but only now definitively made a royal tax) * 1386 – Cortes of Braga – The ''sisas'', were instituted throughout the kingdom to cover the costs of war against Castile and explicitly tells how to perform the payment of said tax * 1387 – Cortes of

* 1387 – Cortes of Braga * 1389 – Cortes of

* 1390 – Cortes of

* 1391 – Cortes of

– introduce the

Jewish badge Yellow badges (or yellow patches), also referred to as Jewish badges (german: Judenstern, lit=Jew's star), are badges that Jews were ordered to wear at various times during the Middle Ages by some caliphates, at various times during the Medieva ...

, a red star of David to be worn by Jews visibly on their clothingLindo (1848
p 313
/ref> * 1391 – Cortes of Viseu – to reimpose price controls and labor laws ('' corvée'') suspended during the 1380s crisis * 1394–1395 – Cortes of

* 1396 – Cortes of Santarém * 1398 – Cortes of

– establish that all debts since 1385 must be paid in real coinage (by the metal content at time of contract), rather than nominally with debased currency * 1398 – Cortes of

* 1399 – Cortes of

* 1400 – Cortes of

* 1401 – Cortes of Guimarães * 1402 – Cortes of Santarém * 1404 – Cortes of

* 1406 – Cortes of Santarém * 1408 – Cortes of

* 1410 – Cortes of

* 1412 – Cortes of

* 1413 – Cortes of

* 1414 – Cortes of

* 1416 – Cortes of Estremoz * 1417 – Cortes of

* 1418 – Cortes of Santarém * 1427 – Cortes of

– to negotiate second ''concordata'' with the clergy, setting limits on ecclesiastical privileges * 1430 – Cortes of Santarém

Edward Edward is an English given name. It is derived from the Anglo-Saxon name ''Ēadweard'', composed of the elements '' ēad'' "wealth, fortune; prosperous" and '' weard'' "guardian, protector”. History The name Edward was very popular in Anglo-Sax ...

(1433–1438) * 1434 – Cortes of Santarém – wholesale review of the laws of the realm, introduction of ''capitulos gerais'' * 1435 – Cortes of

– ratification of the ''Lei Mental'', establishing direct male primogeniture in the inheritance of feudal grants, otherwise they revert to crown * 1436 – Cortes of

– to finance Tangier expedition * 1437 – Cortes of

– to ratify treaty with Marinid Morocco and deliver Portuguese

Ceuta Ceuta (, , ; ar, سَبْتَة, Sabtah) is a Spanish autonomous city on the north coast of Africa. Bordered by Morocco, it lies along the boundary between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of several Spanish territori ...

in exchange for the captive infante Ferdinand the Saint Prince – failed Queen Eleanor of Aragon, (

regent A regent (from Latin : ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state '' pro tempore'' (Latin: 'for the time being') because the monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge the powers and duties of the monarchy ...

for Afonso V), (1438–1439) * 1438 – Cortes of Torres Novas – reviewed the will of the late

Edward of Portugal Edward ( pt, Duarte (; 31 October 1391 – 9 September 1438), also called Edward the King Philosopher (''Duarte o Rei-Filósofo'') or the Eloquent (''o Eloquente''), was the King of Portugal from 1433 until his death. He was born in Viseu, the son ...

, appointing Eleanor of Aragon as regent for the young king Afonso V; passed law requiring that the Cortes must henceforth be assembled annually (not really observed) * 1439 – Cortes of

– assembled by

constable A constable is a person holding a particular office, most commonly in criminal law enforcement. The office of constable can vary significantly in different jurisdictions. A constable is commonly the rank of an officer within the police. Other peop ...

John of Reguengos Infante John, Constable of Portugal ( pt, João, ; 13 January 1400 – 18 October 1442) was a Portuguese ''infante'' (prince) of the House of Aviz, Constable of Portugal and master of the Portuguese Order of St. James (Santiago). In Portugal, h ...

, elected Peter of Coimbra as

of the realm Duke Peter of Coimbra (

for Afonso V) (1439–1448) * 1441 – Cortes of Torres Novas * 1442 – Cortes of

* 1444 – Cortes of

* 1446 – Cortes of

– to declare Afonso V's majority (declared, but Peter's regency continues at Afonso V's request); revealed the Afonsine Ordinances Afonso V (in his own right) (1448–1481) * 1451 – Cortes of Santarém – burghers chastise king for promulgating laws outside the Cortes; assert that laws passed in Cortes, can only be modified in Cortes * 1451 – Cortes of

* 1455 – Cortes of

– to present the newborn royal heir John (future John II, and receive oaths of loyalty; burghers used opportunity to protest use of royal letters to circumvent 1451 restrictions * 1456 – Cortes of

* 1459 – Cortes of

* 1461 – Cortes of

* 1465 – Cortes of Guarda – to consider an appeal from

Joan of Portugal Joan of Portugal ( pt, Joana �uˈɐnɐ 31 March 1439 – June 13, 1475)Charles Cawley, ''Medieval Lands, Portugal'' was the Queen of Castile as the second wife of King Henry IV of Castile. The posthumous daughter of King Edward of Portugal ...

(consort queen of

Henry IV of Castile Henry IV of Castile ( Castilian: ''Enrique IV''; 5 January 1425 – 11 December 1474), King of Castile and León, nicknamed the Impotent, was the last of the weak late-medieval kings of Castile and León. During Henry's reign, the nobles became ...

) to intervene in Castile against the rebellion of Afonso of Asturias – intervention was rejected by the Cortes * 1468 – Cortes of Santarém * 1471 – Cortes of

* 1472–1473 – Cortes of

* 1475 – Cortes of

Arronches Arronches () is a municipality in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 3,165, in an area of 314.65 km2. The municipality is located by the Serra de São Mamede in Portalegre District. The present Mayor is Fermelinda Carvalho ( PSD) and the ...

* 1476 – Cortes of

* 1477 – Cortes of Montemor-o-Novo * 1477 – Cortes of Santarém * 1478 – Cortes of

John II (1481–1495) * 1481 – Cortes of

* 1483 – Cortes of Santarém * 1490 – Cortes of

(1495–1521) * 1495 – Cortes of Montemor-o-Novo – review will of late John II, invite political exiles to return, criticize proposed India expedition * 1498 – Cortes of

* 1499 – Cortes of

* 1502 – Cortes of

John III (1521–1557) * 1525 – Cortes of Torres Novas – require king to assemble the Cortes at least once every ten years. * 1535 – Cortes of

– to declare Prince Manuel as heir to the throne (but died 1537). * 1544 – Cortes of Almeirim Catherine of Austria (

for Sebastian) (1557–1562) * 1562 – Cortes of

Sebastian (in his own right) (1562–1578) Henry (1578–1580) * 1579 – Cortes of

– assembled by Cardinal-Regent Henry of Portugal to resolve controversy on the succession to the late Sebastian * 1580 – Cortes of Almeirim – to ratify Henry's right to appoint

Philip II of Spain Philip II) in Spain, while in Portugal and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as Philip I ( pt, Filipe I). (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent ( es, Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from ...

as his successor, disputed by burghers Philip I (II of Spain) (1581–1598) * 1581 – Cortes of Tomar – recognize the ascension of

as king of Portugal, set out conditions of his reign (see Iberian Union) * 1583 – Cortes of

– to ratify Philip, Prince of Asturias as heir of the Portuguese Realm Philip II (III of Spain) (1598–1621) * 1619 – Cortes of

– to ratify Philip, Prince of Asturias as heir of the Portuguese Realm Philip III (IV of Spain) (1621–1640) John IV (1640–1656) * 1641 – Cortes of

* 1642 – Cortes of

* 1645-1646 – Cortes of

* 1653 – Cortes of

Luisa of Guzman (

for Afonso VI) (1656–1662) Afonso VI (in his own right) (1662–1668) * 1668 – Cortes of

– declare Afonso VI insane, install Prince Peter as regent Prince Peter (regent for Afonso VI) (1668–1683) * 1674 – Cortes of

– dissolved when the Cortes attempted to tie taxes to particular government expenditures * 1679-1680 – Cortes of

Peter II (in his own right) (1683–1706) * 1697-1698 – Cortes of

– the 'Last Cortes' – recognized Infante John (future John V) as the successor to the throne

Absolute monarchy Absolute monarchy (or Absolutism as a doctrine) is a form of monarchy in which the monarch rules in their own right or power. In an absolute monarchy, the king or queen is by no means limited and has absolute power, though a limited constituti ...

thereafter: No Cortes assembled in reigns of John V (1706–1750), Joseph I (1750–1777), Maria I (1777–1816). Thereafter there were only two exceptional Cortes: John VI (1816–1826) called the 1820 assembly of the '' Cortes Gerais e Extraordinárias da Nação Portuguesa'' to draft a new constitution. The other exception was during the 1828–1834 reign of Miguel of Portugal, when the constitution was suspended. An old-style Cortes was assembled by Miguel in

in 1828 to recognize Miguel as the sole legitimate heir to John VI.

References

* Almeida, Fortunato de (1903) ''História das Instituições em Portugal''. Porto: Magalhaes & Moniz
online
* Barros, Henrique da Gama (1885) ''Historia da administração publica em Portugal nos seculos XII a XV'', Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional
v.1
* Lindo, E.H. (1848) ''The History of the Jews of Spain and Portugal,the earliest times to their final expulsion from those kingdoms, and their subsequent dispersion''. London: Longman Brown
online
* Livermore, H.V. (1966) ''A New History of Portugal'', 1976 ed., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. * (Midosi, P.) (1828) ''Portugal; or, who is the lawful successor to the European throne of the Braganza family?''. London: Richardso
online
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Portuguese Cortes Portuguese history timelines Kingdom of Portugal

List of Portuguese Cortes

See also

References