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es, Porteadoras, lit=carrier women, links=no, label=none are bale workers in the Spanish autonomous cities of Melilla and
es, Porteadoras, lit=carrier women, links=no, label=none are bale workers in the Spanish autonomous cities of Melilla and Ceuta
Ceuta (, , ; ar, سَبْتَة, Sabtah) is a Spanish autonomous city on the north coast of Africa.
Bordered by Morocco, it lies along the boundary between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of several Spanish territorie ...
, located on the north coast of Africa.
History
Due to a second duty called Biutz anything physically carried across the borders intoMorocco
Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria t ...
is duty-free
A duty-free shop (or store) is a retail outlet whose goods are exempt from the payment of certain local or national taxes and duties, on the requirement that the goods sold will be sold to travelers who will take them out of the country, w ...
. This created a cottage industry of sorts for people in the district to carry goods across the border for merchants.
It is a form of smuggling tolerated by the Spanish and Moroccan authorities.
The Spanish official euphemism is
Moroccans from neighboring Nador
Nador ( Riffian-Berber: ⵏⴰⴷⵓⵔ) is a coastal city and provincial capital in the northeastern Rif region of Morocco with a population of about 161,726 (2014 census).
Nador city is separated from the Mediterranean Sea by a salt lagoon nam ...
and Tétouan
Tétouan ( ar, تطوان, tiṭwān, ber, ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⴰⵏ, tiṭṭawan; es, Tetuán) is a city in northern Morocco. It lies along the Martil Valley and is one of the two major ports of Morocco on the Mediterranean Sea, a few miles so ...
do not require a visa to enter Melilla and Ceuta.
Ceuta and Melilla have lower trade taxes than the VAT imposed on the Spanish mainland and the Balearic Islands and are not in the European Customs Union.
Every year, more than €1.4 billion ($1.8 billion) worth of goods are carried by Porteadoras into Morocco across the borders of Melilla and Ceuta.
The number of in one day was reduced to 4000 in Ceuta.
It can reach 30 000 in Melilla.
Ceuta, Melilla and the Moroccan areas besides them are among the poorer regions of their respective countries.
Smuggling amounts to a significant part of their economies.
In August 2018, Morocco closed its customs by Melilla, affecting legal trade and smuggling.
The government expects to spur its port of Nador.
In 2020, within the fight against COVID-19 in Morocco, the Moroccan government closed the borders with both Spanish cities.
It is typically a "job of last resort", performed mostly by widows, divorcees, or wives with severely disabled husbands. Typically, aged and/or ailing women carry bales of trade goods that weigh more than themselves.
Being a porteadora is considered a difficult, dangerous job. There are few, if any, regulations in place to protect the workers. In 2008, porteadora Safia Azizi fell and was promptly trampled to death. In 2009 two women died at Ceuta Biutz border crossing, overwhelmed by an avalanche of 200 carriers, four policemen were also injured.
Calls have been made for safer working conditions, limits on the bale weight and more reliable border opening.
References
{{reflist Melilla Ceuta Nador Province Tétouan Province Morocco–Spain border Smuggling routes Gendered occupations Informal occupations