Port of Livorno
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The Port of Livorno is one of the largest
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
seaport A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Ham ...
s and one of the largest
seaport A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Ham ...
s in the
Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ea ...
, with an annual traffic capacity of around 30 million tonnes of
cargo Cargo consists of bulk goods conveyed by water, air, or land. In economics, freight is cargo that is transported at a freight rate for commercial gain. ''Cargo'' was originally a shipload but now covers all types of freight, including trans ...
and 700,000 TEU's. The port is also an important employer in the area, with more than 15,000 employees who provide services to more than 7,000 ships every year. The Port of Livorno is considered a major
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
port along the Tyrrhenian Sea Corridor, capable of handling all kinds of vessels (LoLo,
RoRo Roll-on/roll-off (RORO or ro-ro) ships are cargo ships designed to carry wheeled cargo, such as cars, motorcycles, trucks, semi-trailer trucks, buses, Trailer (vehicle), trailers, and railroad cars, that are driven on and off the ship on their o ...
, liquid bulk,
dry bulk Bulk cargo is commodity cargo that is transported unpackaged in large quantities. Description Bulk cargo refers to material in either liquid or granular, particulate form, as a mass of relatively small solids, such as petroleum/ crude oi ...
,
cruise ship Cruise ships are large passenger ships used mainly for vacationing. Unlike ocean liners, which are used for transport, cruise ships typically embark on round-trip voyages to various ports-of-call, where passengers may go on tours known as "s ...
s,
ferry A ferry is a ship, watercraft or amphibious vehicle used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi ...
boats). The port mainly serves
Tuscany Tuscany ( ; it, Toscana ) is a Regions of Italy, region in central Italy with an area of about and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence (''Firenze''). Tuscany is known for its landscapes, history, art ...
,
Emilia-Romagna egl, Emigliàn (man) egl, Emiglièna (woman) rgn, Rumagnòl (man) rgn, Rumagnòla (woman) it, Emiliano (man) it, Emiliana (woman) or it, Romagnolo (man) it, Romagnola (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title ...
,
Umbria it, Umbro (man) it, Umbra (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , ...
and
Marche Marche ( , ) is one of the twenty regions of Italy. In English, the region is sometimes referred to as The Marches ( ). The region is located in the central area of the country, bordered by Emilia-Romagna and the republic of San Marino to the ...
regions of
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
.


Description

The Port of Livorno is situated on the
Ligurian sea The Ligurian Sea ( it, Mar Ligure; french: Mer Ligurienne; lij, Mâ Ligure) is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea. It lies between the Italian Riviera (Liguria) and the island of Corsica. The sea is thought to have been named after the ancient L ...
, in the north-western part of
Tuscany Tuscany ( ; it, Toscana ) is a Regions of Italy, region in central Italy with an area of about and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence (''Firenze''). Tuscany is known for its landscapes, history, art ...
. The harbour is divided in ''
Porto Vecchio Porto-Vecchio (, ; it, Porto Vecchio or ; co, Portivechju or ) is a commune in the French department of Corse-du-Sud, on the island of Corsica. Porto-Vecchio is a medium-sized port city placed on a good harbor, the southernmost of the mar ...
'' (Old Port) and '' Porto Nuovo'' (New Port) and is composed of four main basins.


'

The ''Avamporto'' is a vast area outside the harbour bounded to the south by the '' Diga della Vegliaia'', to the west by the '' Diga Curvilinea'' and to the east by the outer side of ''Molo Mediceo''. This area include the ''Nuovo Bacino di Carenaggio'' (New dry dock) and ''Morosini Port'' used by
Benetti Benetti is an Italian shipbuilding and boat building company based in Viareggio, Livorno, and Fano, owned by Azimut. Benetti designs and constructs motoryachts, and is one of the leading builders of custom superyachts, having won the ''Showb ...
shipyard.


''Porto Vecchio''

''Porto Vecchio'' (Old Port) occupies the southern part of the harbour and comprises: '' Porto Mediceo'' (Medicean Port), '' Vecchia Darsena'' (Old Dock), '' Nuova Darsena'' (New Dock), ''Bacino Cappellini'' (Cappellini Dock) and ''Bacino Firenze'' (Firenze Dock).


'' Santo Stefano''

''Bacino Santo Stefano'' (St. Stephen basin) is bordered to the north by the '' Diga del Marzocco'' (Marzocco breakwater), to the west by the '' Diga della Meloria'' (Meloria breakwater) built in 1900, which is the straight extension of 550 meters of the ''Diga Curvilinea'', the ''Alto Fondale'' dock, the ''Darsena Petroli'' (Oils Dock), the ''Darsena dei Calafati'' (Caulker Dock) and the first part of the waterway that bring to the ''Porto Industriale''.


''Porto Nuovo''

''Porto Nuovo'' (New Port) is situated in the northern sector of the harbour and correspond to the ''Porto Industriale'' which enclose: the ''Darsena Toscana'' (Tuscany dock), the ''Darsena Inghirami'' (Inghirami dock), the ''Darsena Ugione'' (Ugione dock), the '' Industriale'' (Industrial canal) and the '' Canale dei Navicelli''.


''Porto Vecchio''


''Vecchia Darsena''

''Vecchia Darsena'' (Old Dock) was a small basin besides to ''Vecchia Fortezza'' with the entrance toward south-west repaired on the west side by ''Andana degli Anelli''. From here 12 galleys departed on June 8, 1571 to take part in the
Battle of Lepanto The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic states (comprising Spain and its Italian territories, several independent Italian states, and the Soverei ...
. The ''Vecchia Darsena'' is still operating and used as harbour from fishing boats and patrol vessels.


''Porto Mediceo''

''Porto Mediceo'' is a fortified quadrangular perimeter once open towards north and is the oldest part of Port of Livorno. It was ordered by
Cosimo I Cosimo I de' Medici (12 June 1519 – 21 April 1574) was the second Duke of Florence from 1537 until 1569, when he became the first Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title he held until his death. Life Rise to power Cosimo was born in Florence on 12 ...
who called Bartolomeo Ammannati in 1572 for the project, but the construction was realized after his grand duchy. In the following years Claudio Cogorano, Antonio Cantagallina and Robert Dudley contributed to the project. The project involved the construction of with to connect ' (Old Fortress) with the '' dei Pisani'' (Light of the Pisans). The first wharf has a whole length of 348 meters and was built under
Ferdinando I Ferdinando may refer to: Politics * Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1549–1609) * Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1610–1670) * Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (1663–1713), eldest son of Cosimo ...
, it is called '' Ferdinando'' or ''Andana degli Anelli''. The word ''Andana'' had at that time the meaning of vessels moored parallel to a wharf. ''Molo Ferdinando'' start from the inlet opening to the ''Vecchia Darsena'' (Old Dock), near the ''Fortezza Vecchia'', until the second wharf perpendicular to it. This wharf is called ''Molo Cosimo'' or ''Andana delle Ancore'' for the reason that was built under Cosimo II. It has a length of 240 meters and finish before to reach the ''Fanale dei Pisani'' for the reason that the ''Sassaia'' reef blocked the construction. In this place was built a block-house called ''Fortino della Sassaia'' (Sassaia Fortress). The third wharf is the perpendicular extension of the ''Molo Cosimo'' built from the ''Sassaia'' reef towards north-west, parallel to the coast line, in order to give a repair to the harbour, it is called ''Molo Mediceo'' (Medicean wharf) or ''Molo del Forte'' (Fortress wharf). It has a length of 470 meters and a width of 250 meters and has at its extremity a fortress, called ''Fortezza del Molo'' (Wharf Fortress), once equipped with 27 guns and 200 soldiers in order to defend the port entrance and to maintain the harbour neutrality. It is evident that ''Porto Mediceo'' has had at that time an important military and strategic considerations in addition to those of commercial nature as it could accommodate 140 vessels. ''Porto Mediceo'' remained with the plan unchanged until 1853 when was built the ''Diga Rettilinea''. This breakwater, that was not connected to the coastline, had the intent to protect the Medicean Port from the waves coming from north. At the end of the 19th century the ''Diga Rettilinea'' was connected to the land and a new dock, called ''Darsena del Mandraccio'' was built near ''Fortezza Vecchia''. A new port plan was approved in 1906 and regarded the construction of two breakwaters: the ''Diga della Meloria'' and the ''Diga del Marzocco''.


''Nuova Darsena''

The ''
Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando (Orlando Brothers Shipyard) is a historical Italian shipyard in Livorno. History It was founded by Luigi Orlando and his brothers Giuseppe, Paolo and Salvatore who moved to Livorno from Genoa where in 1858 they ...
'' was built by Orlando family in 1866 on an area that until 1852 was occupied by '' Lazzeretto
San Rocco Roch (lived c. 1348 – 15/16 August 1376/79 (traditionally c. 1295 – 16 August 1327, also called Rock in English, is a Catholic saint, a confessor whose death is commemorated on 16 August and 9 September in Italy; he is especially invoked a ...
'' next to ''Fosso Reale'' (Royal ditch). The canal in that place was enlarged and a dock, called ''San Rocco'', was formed. The dock changed later name in ''Nuova Darsena'' (New Dock) and was connected to ''Porto Mediceo'' in order to allow to the ships to reach the shipyard and vice versa. A new slipway, called ''Scalo
Umbria it, Umbro (man) it, Umbra (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , ...
'', was built on the south side of the basin and a dry dock was built on the north side. Nowadays this part of the shipbuilding is no longer in use and the warehouses and sheds have been dismantled and the area is undergoing a transformation to turn it into a residential area called ''Porta a Mare''.


''Porto Nuovo''


''Porto Industriale''

The construction of the new port started in 1910 when the new coastal railway line connecting Pisa with Rome was opened. Due to War World I the works were interrupted until 1922 when a variant to the Port Plan was proposed. It was planned by Coen Cagli regarding an enlargement of the port to the north of ''Bacino Santo Stefano'' inside the coastline with a series of canals and docks near the industrial facilities. The port was then rebuilt after the severe damage caused by World War II and a new plan was approved in 1953. It regarded the reconstruction of quays and their equipments, the construction of ''Darsena Petroli'' to allow the berthing of the tankers, a new wharf named ''Santo Stefano'' and '' Molo Italia'' 800 meters long and 150 meters wide. In the following years numerous variants to the plan were approved in order to adequate the port facilities and docks.


'' Canale dei Navicelli''

The Navicelli Channel is a channel built between 1563 and 1575 to connect
Pisa Pisa ( , or ) is a city and ''comune'' in Tuscany, central Italy, straddling the Arno just before it empties into the Ligurian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Pisa. Although Pisa is known worldwide for its leaning tower, the cit ...
with the port of
Livorno Livorno () is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Livorno, having a population of 158,493 residents in December 2017. It is traditionally known in English as Leghorn (pronou ...
. The name originates from the so-called ''navicelli'', small sized Tuscan
boat A boat is a watercraft of a large range of types and sizes, but generally smaller than a ship, which is distinguished by its larger size, shape, cargo or passenger capacity, or its ability to carry boats. Small boats are typically found on inl ...
s that transported goods on the channel.


Breakwaters


''

Diga Diga is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is part of the Misraq Welega Zone and it is part of former Diga Leka woreda. Demographics The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 66,689, of whom 33, ...
della Vegliaia''

The ''Diga della Vegliaia'' was built on the place called ''Vegliaia'' where there were cliffs at 460 metres from the coast. The breakwater has the aim to protect the southern entrance of the port by the prevailing winds. It was built from 1888 to 1900, has a rectilinear structure, a length of 490 meters and the direction of 105° - 285°.


''

Diga Diga is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is part of the Misraq Welega Zone and it is part of former Diga Leka woreda. Demographics The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 66,689, of whom 33, ...
Curvilinea''

The last Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopold II ordered in 1852 the construction of the ''Diga Curvilinea'' (Curvilinear), called ''Molo Novo'' from the inhabitants, which delimits to the west the '' Avamporto''. It is a massive construction, built on project by Victor Poirel, formed by a substructure made of artificial rocks while the upper part is surmounted by a wall that protects the ''Avamporto''. The ''Diga Curvilinea'' was completed in 1863, it is situated at 800 meters from the harbour and 400 meters from the ''Fanale dei Pisani'', has a length of 1,150 meters with a cord of 1,000 meters and an average width of 8.50 meters.


''

Diga Diga is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is part of the Misraq Welega Zone and it is part of former Diga Leka woreda. Demographics The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 66,689, of whom 33, ...
della Meloria''

The ''Diga della Meloria'', which construction was approved in 1906, is the straight extension, 704 metres long, of the ''Diga Curvilinea'' toward north-west with the aim to repair the new ''Bacino Santo Stefano''.


''

Diga Diga is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is part of the Misraq Welega Zone and it is part of former Diga Leka woreda. Demographics The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 66,689, of whom 33, ...
del
Marzocco The ''Marzocco'' is the heraldic lion that is a symbol of Florence, and was apparently the first piece of public secular sculpture commissioned by the Republic of Florence, in the late 14th century. The lion stood at the heart of the city i ...
''

The ''Diga del Marzocco'' was built according to Cozza plan of 1908, concerning the construction of the breakwater, parallel to the ''Diga Rettilinea'', from the '' Torre del Marzocco'' (Marzocco Tower) toward the ''Diga della Meloria''. In this manner a second harbour opening, 300 meters wide, was created in the northern part forming the ''Bacino di Santo Stefano'' (Santo Stefano dock).


Lighthouses


''Fanale dei Pisani''

Livorno lighthouse, called Fanale dei Pisani, for the reason that was built by
Pisans Pisa ( , or ) is a city and ''comune'' in Tuscany, central Italy, straddling the Arno just before it empties into the Ligurian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Pisa. Although Pisa is known worldwide for its leaning tower, the cit ...
in 1303 on project attributed to
Giovanni Pisano Giovanni Pisano (c. 1250 – c. 1315) was an Italian sculptor, painter and architect, who worked in the cities of Pisa, Siena and Pistoia. He is best known for his sculpture which shows the influence of both the French Gothic and the Ancient Rom ...
and by the master builders Rocco Entello De Spina and Bonaggiunta Ciabatti whose names were found engraved on a stone.Travelitalia
/ref> The lighthouse was built on an emerging rock surrounded by the sea at the south entrance of the harbour; it is formed by a polygonal basement of 13 sides over which is placed the tower formed by two cylinders both with an
embattled A battlement in defensive architecture, such as that of city walls or castles, comprises a parapet (i.e., a defensive low wall between chest-height and head-height), in which gaps or indentations, which are often rectangular, occur at interva ...
balcony and the lantern on the top. It consists of 11 floors, connected each other by a spiral staircase up to 53 meters, every floor is 3.72 meters high expect the first and the second respectively 5.55 and 4.22 meters. The lower part is made of four cylinders of decreasing diameter and the upper part of three which makes thin the tower toward the summit. The lighthouse was built employing the white Verruca stone coming from San Giuliano cave near Pisa. At first was used oil lamps for the light, then compressed oil, in 1841 was installed the
Fresnel lens A Fresnel lens ( ; ; or ) is a type of composite compact lens developed by the French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827) for use in lighthouses. It has been called "the invention that saved a million ships." The design allows the c ...
and was used the
acetylene gas lamp Carbide lamps, or acetylene gas lamps, are simple lamps that produce and burn acetylene (C2H2) which is created by the reaction of calcium carbide (CaC2) with water (H2O). Acetylene gas lamps were used to illuminate buildings, as lighthouse ...
; at the end of 1800s the installation was electrified.
Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (30 July 1549 – 3 February 1609) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609, having succeeded his older brother Francesco I. Early life Ferdinando was the fifth son (the third surviving at ...
order the construction of warehouses in the basement in 1584 which were transformed in the Lazzaretto di San Rocco and a shipbuilding. In 1911 the lighthouse passed under the jurisdiction of the
Italian Navy "Fatherland and Honour" , patron = , colors = , colors_label = , march = ( is the return of soldiers to their barrack, or sailors to their ship after a ...
as is still. The tower came intact until June 20, 1944 when the German troops, at the approaching of the Allied, blew up it. The Fanale was rebuilt in June 1954 according to the original project with material recovered from the ruins and from the cave; it is made by reinforced concrete 30 centimetres thick covered externally by stone. The new lighthouse was inaugurated on September 16, 1956 by President
Giovanni Gronchi Giovanni Gronchi, (; 10 September 1887 – 17 October 1978) was an Italian politician from Christian Democracy who served as the president of Italy from 1955 to 1962 and was marked by a controversial and failed attempt to bring about an "openi ...
on the occasion of the 350th anniversary of the declaration to the status of city.


Diga Curvilinea Lighthouse

The lighthouse was built in 1857 and is positioned at the south end of the Diga Curvilinea breakwater at the entrance of the Port of Livorno. It is formed by a cylindrical basement surmounted by an octagonal tower in stone with balcony and lantern placed at 22
metres above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''. The comb ...
. The lighthouse, operated by Marina Militare with the identification number 1911 E.F, is active and fully
automated Automation describes a wide range of technologies that reduce human intervention in processes, namely by predetermining decision criteria, subprocess relationships, and related actions, as well as embodying those predeterminations in machines ...
, has a
solar power Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic e ...
unit and an alternating white and red flashes in a three seconds period visible up to 10
nautical mile A nautical mile is a unit of length used in air, marine, and space navigation, and for the definition of territorial waters. Historically, it was defined as the meridian arc length corresponding to one minute ( of a degree) of latitude. Today ...
s.


Diga Curvilinea estremità Nord Lighthouse

The lighthouse was built in 1857 and is positioned at the north end of the ''Diga Curvilinea'' breakwater which was connected to the ''Diga della Meloria'' in 1906. The old lighthouse is formed by a cylindrical basement with an octagonal tower in stone with balcony and lantern placed at 22
metres above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''. The comb ...
. The historical lighthouse is no longer active after the construction of the ''Diga della Meloria''; it was replaced by a starboard left side light painted in red and green horizontal bands operated by Marina Militare with the identification number 1941 E.F. The light is positioned at the base of the historical lighthouse, is fully
automated Automation describes a wide range of technologies that reduce human intervention in processes, namely by predetermining decision criteria, subprocess relationships, and related actions, as well as embodying those predeterminations in machines ...
, has a
solar power Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic e ...
unit and an alternating green and red single flashing in a three seconds period visible up to 5
nautical mile A nautical mile is a unit of length used in air, marine, and space navigation, and for the definition of territorial waters. Historically, it was defined as the meridian arc length corresponding to one minute ( of a degree) of latitude. Today ...
s.


Diga del Marzocco light

The first ''Diga del Marzocco'' lighthouse was built in 1917, the current
sector light A sector light is a man-made pilotage and position fixing aid that consists of strictly delineated horizontal angle light beams to guide water-borne traffic through a safe channel at night in reasonable visibility. Sector lights are most often ...
is a compact metal structure similar to a classic bottle painted in red placed on a concrete basement. The light is operated by Marina Militare with the identification number 1906 E.F., it is fully
automated Automation describes a wide range of technologies that reduce human intervention in processes, namely by predetermining decision criteria, subprocess relationships, and related actions, as well as embodying those predeterminations in machines ...
, has a
solar power Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic e ...
unit and three alternating red single flashing in a 10 seconds period with a focal plan at 13
metres above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''. The comb ...
.


Diga della Vegliaia light

The first ''Diga della Vegliaia'' lighthouse was built in 1895, the current
sector light A sector light is a man-made pilotage and position fixing aid that consists of strictly delineated horizontal angle light beams to guide water-borne traffic through a safe channel at night in reasonable visibility. Sector lights are most often ...
is a cylindrical green metal tower 13 metres high. The light is operated by Marina Militare with the identification number 1916 E.F., it is fully
automated Automation describes a wide range of technologies that reduce human intervention in processes, namely by predetermining decision criteria, subprocess relationships, and related actions, as well as embodying those predeterminations in machines ...
, has a
solar power Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic e ...
unit and a green single flashing in a 3 seconds period visible up to 12
nautical mile A nautical mile is a unit of length used in air, marine, and space navigation, and for the definition of territorial waters. Historically, it was defined as the meridian arc length corresponding to one minute ( of a degree) of latitude. Today ...
s.


Diga Rettilinea light

This
sector light A sector light is a man-made pilotage and position fixing aid that consists of strictly delineated horizontal angle light beams to guide water-borne traffic through a safe channel at night in reasonable visibility. Sector lights are most often ...
is placed at the extremity of ''Diga Rettilinea'' at the entrance of Medicean Port. The light is a compact metal structure similar to a classic bottle painted in red operated by Marina Militare with the identification number 1946 E.F.; it is fully
automated Automation describes a wide range of technologies that reduce human intervention in processes, namely by predetermining decision criteria, subprocess relationships, and related actions, as well as embodying those predeterminations in machines ...
, has a
solar power Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic e ...
unit and two alternating red single flashing in a 6 seconds period with a focal plan at 8
metres above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''. The comb ...
visible up to 6
nautical mile A nautical mile is a unit of length used in air, marine, and space navigation, and for the definition of territorial waters. Historically, it was defined as the meridian arc length corresponding to one minute ( of a degree) of latitude. Today ...
s.


Molo Mediceo light

This
sector light A sector light is a man-made pilotage and position fixing aid that consists of strictly delineated horizontal angle light beams to guide water-borne traffic through a safe channel at night in reasonable visibility. Sector lights are most often ...
is placed at the extremity of ''Molo Mediceo'' at the entrance of Medicean Port. The light is a compact metal structure similar to a classic bottle painted in green operated by Marina Militare with the identification number 1951 E.F.; it is fully
automated Automation describes a wide range of technologies that reduce human intervention in processes, namely by predetermining decision criteria, subprocess relationships, and related actions, as well as embodying those predeterminations in machines ...
, has a
solar power Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic e ...
unit and two alternating green single flashing in a 6 seconds period with a focal plan at 6
metres above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''. The comb ...
visible up to 6
nautical mile A nautical mile is a unit of length used in air, marine, and space navigation, and for the definition of territorial waters. Historically, it was defined as the meridian arc length corresponding to one minute ( of a degree) of latitude. Today ...
s.


Statistics

In 2007 the Port of Livorno handled 32,934,594 tonnes of
cargo Cargo consists of bulk goods conveyed by water, air, or land. In economics, freight is cargo that is transported at a freight rate for commercial gain. ''Cargo'' was originally a shipload but now covers all types of freight, including trans ...
and 745,557 TEU's, making it one of the busiest
cargo Cargo consists of bulk goods conveyed by water, air, or land. In economics, freight is cargo that is transported at a freight rate for commercial gain. ''Cargo'' was originally a shipload but now covers all types of freight, including trans ...
ports in Italy and one of the largest
container A container is any receptacle or enclosure for holding a product used in storage, packaging, and transportation, including shipping. Things kept inside of a container are protected on several sides by being inside of its structure. The term ...
ports in the country. :''* figures in tonnes''


Terminals

''Frozen food terminal'' The terminal has an area of 18,009 m2, a storage capacity of 35,000 m2, and an annual traffic capacity of around 200,000
tonnes The tonne ( or ; symbol: t) is a unit of mass equal to 1000 kilograms. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI. It is also referred to as a metric ton to distinguish it from the non-metric units of the short ton ( United States ...
. ''Copper and non-ferrous metals'' The
copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkis ...
and
non-ferrous metals In metallurgy, non-ferrous metals are metals or alloys that do not contain iron (allotropes of iron, ferrite, and so on) in appreciable amounts. Generally more costly than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable proper ...
terminal has a storage capacity of 95,821 m2 and a
quay A wharf, quay (, also ), staith, or staithe is a structure on the shore of a harbour or on the bank of a river or canal where ships may dock to load and unload cargo or passengers. Such a structure includes one or more berths (mooring location ...
length of 500 m. ''Cereals'' The
cereal A cereal is any Poaceae, grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain (botanically, a type of fruit called a caryopsis), composed of the endosperm, Cereal germ, germ, and bran. Cereal Grain, grain crops are grown in greater quantit ...
terminals have an area of 63,000 m2, a
quay A wharf, quay (, also ), staith, or staithe is a structure on the shore of a harbour or on the bank of a river or canal where ships may dock to load and unload cargo or passengers. Such a structure includes one or more berths (mooring location ...
length of 336 m and a storage capacity of 115,560 tonnes. ''Automobile terminal'' The Port of Livorno has one RoRo terminal with a total length of 1,741 m, a land area of 477,060 m2, storage capacity of 6,000 cars and a
transshipment Transshipment, trans-shipment or transhipment is the shipment of goods or containers to an intermediate destination, then to another destination. One possible reason for transshipment is to change the means of transport during the journey (e.g. ...
capacity of 1,200,000 units per year. ''Container'' The
container terminal A container port or container terminal is a facility where cargo containers are transshipped between different transport vehicles, for onward transportation. The transshipment may be between container ships and land vehicles, for example train ...
has an area of 658,000 m2, a
quay A wharf, quay (, also ), staith, or staithe is a structure on the shore of a harbour or on the bank of a river or canal where ships may dock to load and unload cargo or passengers. Such a structure includes one or more berths (mooring location ...
length of 1,550 m and an annual traffic capacity of 2,000,000 TEU's. ''Break - bulk'' The
break bulk cargo In shipping, break-bulk, breakbulk, or break bulk cargo, also called general cargo, refers to goods that are stowed on board ship in individually counted units. Traditionally, the large numbers of items are recorded on distinct bills of lading ...
terminal is specialised in handling
timber Lumber is wood that has been processed into dimensional lumber, including beams and planks or boards, a stage in the process of wood production. Lumber is mainly used for construction framing, as well as finishing (floors, wall panels, wi ...
, non - ferrous metals,
cellulose Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units. Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall ...
,
paper Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed ...
,
sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class of s ...
,
clay Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2 Si2 O5( OH)4). Clays develop plasticity when wet, due to a molecular film of water surrounding the clay par ...
,
coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal is formed when dea ...
,
bentonite Bentonite () is an absorbent swelling clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite (a type of smectite) which can either be Na-montmorillonite or Ca-montmorillonite. Na-montmorillonite has a considerably greater swelling capacity than Ca-mon ...
and metal products. The terminal has an area of 181,567 m2, a storage area of 71,221 m2 and a storage capacity of 160,000 m3. ''Multi use terminal'' The terminal has a storage are of 25,000 m2 and a
quay A wharf, quay (, also ), staith, or staithe is a structure on the shore of a harbour or on the bank of a river or canal where ships may dock to load and unload cargo or passengers. Such a structure includes one or more berths (mooring location ...
length of 96 m. ''Liquefied natural gas'' The Port of Livorno has a
LNG terminal A liquefied natural gas terminal is a facility for managing the import and/or export of liquefied natural gas (LNG). It comprises equipment for loading and unloading of LNG cargo to/from ocean-going tankers, for transfer across the site, liquefac ...
with a capacity of four billion m3 owned by
Endesa Endesa, S.A. (, originally an initialism for ''Empresa Nacional de Electricidad, S.A''.) is a Spanish multinational electric utility company, the largest in the country. The firm, a majority-owned subsidiary of the Italian utility company Enel, ...
and Amga opened in 2007 after an investment of US$560 million.Endesa Joins LNG Project in Livorno, Italy
/ref>


See also

*
List of lighthouses in Italy The following is a list of active lighthouses in Italy, sorted by region. Abruzzo This is a list of lighthouses in Abruzzo. Apulia This is a list of lighthouses in Apulia. Calabria This is a list of lighthouses in Calabria. Campania ...


References


External links


Livorno Port Authority
Official website
Port of Livorno map
''Marina Militare''
''Fanale dei Pisani''
''Marina Militare'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Livorno Ports and harbours of Italy
port A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Ham ...
Port A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Ham ...