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The gens Pomponia was a
plebeian In ancient Rome, the plebeians (also called plebs) were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words " commoners". Both classes were hereditary. Etymology The precise origins ...
family at
ancient Rome In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman people, Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom ...
. Its members appear throughout the history of the
Roman Republic The Roman Republic ( la, Res publica Romana ) was a form of government of Rome and the era of the classical Roman civilization when it was run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Ki ...
, and into imperial times. The first of the
gens In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; plural: ''gentes'' ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a ''stirps'' (plural: ''stirpes''). The ''gen ...
to achieve prominence was Marcus Pomponius,
tribune of the plebs Tribune of the plebs, tribune of the people or plebeian tribune ( la, tribunus plebis) was the first office of the Roman state that was open to the plebeians, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the power o ...
in 449 BC; the first who obtained the consulship was
Manius Pomponius Matho Manius Pomponius Matho ( 236 – 211 BC) was a Roman general who was elected consul for the year 233 BC with Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus. He was also the maternal grandfather of the general and statesman Scipio Africanus. Career During his ...
in 233 BC.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. III, p. 493 (" Pomponia Gens").


Origin

In the latter part of the Republic, it was common for various gentes to claim descent from the founding figures of Rome; the companions of
Aeneas In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas (, ; from ) was a Trojan hero, the son of the Trojan prince Anchises and the Greek goddess Aphrodite (equivalent to the Roman Venus). His father was a first cousin of King Priam of Troy (both being grandsons ...
,
Romulus Romulus () was the legendary founder and first king of Rome. Various traditions attribute the establishment of many of Rome's oldest legal, political, religious, and social institutions to Romulus and his contemporaries. Although many of these ...
, or those who came to Rome in the time of the
kings Kings or King's may refer to: *Monarchs: The sovereign heads of states and/or nations, with the male being kings *One of several works known as the "Book of Kings": **The Books of Kings part of the Bible, divided into two parts **The ''Shahnameh'' ...
. The Pomponii claimed to be descended from Pompo, one of the sons of
Numa Pompilius Numa Pompilius (; 753–672 BC; reigned 715–672 BC) was the legendary second king of Rome, succeeding Romulus after a one-year interregnum. He was of Sabine origin, and many of Rome's most important religious and political institutions ar ...
, the second
King of Rome The king of Rome ( la, rex Romae) was the ruler of the Roman Kingdom. According to legend, the first king of Rome was Romulus, who founded the city in 753 BC upon the Palatine Hill. Seven legendary kings are said to have ruled Rome until 50 ...
, whose image appears on some of their coins. Several other gentes also claimed Numa as their ancestor. ''Pompo'', asserted as the name of the ancestor of the Pompilii, does indeed appear to have been an ancient praenomen of Sabine origin. It was the
Oscan Oscan is an extinct Indo-European language of southern Italy. The language is in the Osco-Umbrian or Sabellic branch of the Italic languages. Oscan is therefore a close relative of Umbrian. Oscan was spoken by a number of tribes, including t ...
equivalent of '' Quintus'', a very common name. Numa's father is said to have been named ''Pompo Pompilius'', and it is evident that the nomen ''Pompilius'' was itself a patronymic surname derived from ''Pompo''. ''Pomponius'' appears to be derived from an adjectival form of that name, and the equivalent of the
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...
nomen '' Quinctilius''. Thus, it is reasonably certain that some ancestor of the Pomponii was indeed named ''Pompo'', although the claim that he was the son of Numa may well be a later addition. An alternative explanation suggested during the early nineteenth century, was that the name might be derived from an Etruscan root, '' Pumpu'' or ''Pumpili''. In her ''History of Etruria'', Mrs. Hamilton Gray supposed ''Pumpu'' to have been the name of Numa's mother, adopted as a surname according to a tradition common to the Etruscan and Sabine cultures.


Praenomina

The Pomponii used a wide variety of praenomina. The principal names were '' Marcus, Lucius'', and ''
Titus Titus Caesar Vespasianus ( ; 30 December 39 – 13 September 81 AD) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death. Before becoming emperor, Titus gained renown as a mili ...
''. A few of the Pomponii bore the praenomina '' Quintus, Publius'', and ''
Sextus Sextus is an ancient Roman ''praenomen'' or "first name". Its standard abbreviation is Sex., and the feminine form would be Sexta. It is one of the numeral ''praenomina'', like Quintus ("fifth") and Decimus ("tenth"), and means "sixth". Although i ...
''. The illustrious family of the Pomponii Mathones favored '' Manius'', and there are individual instances of ''
Gaius Gaius, sometimes spelled ''Gajus'', Kaius, Cajus, Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen). People * Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist *Gaius Acilius *Gaius Antonius * Gaius Antonius Hybrida *Gaius Asinius Gallus * Gaius Asiniu ...
'' and '' Gnaeus''.


Branches and cognomina

In the earliest times, the Pomponii were not distinguished by any surname, and the only family that rose to importance in the time of the Republic bore the surname ''Matho''. On coins we also find the ''
cognomina A ''cognomen'' (; plural ''cognomina''; from ''con-'' "together with" and ''(g)nomen'' "name") was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became h ...
Molo, Musa'', and ''Rufus'', but none of these occur in ancient writers. The other surnames found during the Republic, such as ''Atticus'', were personal cognomina. Numerous surnames appear in imperial times.


Members


Early Pomponii

* Marcus Pomponius,
tribune of the plebs Tribune of the plebs, tribune of the people or plebeian tribune ( la, tribunus plebis) was the first office of the Roman state that was open to the plebeians, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the power o ...
in 449 BC. * Marcus Pomponius, ''tribunus plebis'' in 362 BC, brought an accusation against
Lucius Manlius Capitolinus The gens Manlia () was one of the oldest and noblest patrician houses at Rome, from the earliest days of the Republic until imperial times. The first of the gens to obtain the consulship was Gnaeus Manlius Cincinnatus, consul in 480 BC, and ...
, the dictator of the preceding year, but withdrew it after being threatened by the dictator's son, Titus Manlius Torquatus.


Pomponii Rufi

* Lucius Pomponius Rufus, grandfather of the consular tribune of 399 BC. * Lucius Pomponius L. f. Rufus, father of the consular tribune. * Marcus Pomponius L. f. L. n. Rufus,
consular tribune A consular tribune was putatively a type of magistrate in the early Roman Republic. According to Roman tradition, colleges of consular tribunes held office throughout the fifth and fourth centuries BC during the so-called " Conflict of the ...
in 399 BC.Broughton, vol. I, p. 85. * Quintus Pomponius (L. f. L. n. Rufus), tribune of the plebs in 395 BC, opposed a measure to establish a colony at
Veii Veii (also Veius; it, Veio) was an important ancient Etruscan civilization, Etruscan city situated on the southern limits of Etruria and north-northwest of Rome, Italy. It now lies in Isola Farnese, in the Comuni of the Province of Rome, comune ...
, for which reason he was accused and fined two years later.


Pomponii Mathones

* Manius Pomponius Matho, grandfather of the consul of 233 BC. * Manius Pomponius M'. n. Matho, father of the consul of 233 BC. * Manius Pomponius M'. f. M'. n. Matho, consul in 233 BC.Broughton, vol. I, p. 224. * Marcus Pomponius M'. f. M'. n. Matho, consul in 231 BC. * Marcus Pomponius (M. f. M'. n.) Matho,
praetor Praetor ( , ), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected '' magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to discharge vari ...
in 204 BC.


Pomponii Bassi

* Titus Pomponius Bassus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 94. * Lucius Pomponius Bassus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 118. * Lucius Pomponius L. f. Bassus Cascus Scribonianus, consul ''suffectus'' between AD 128 and 143. * Gaius Pomponius C. f. Bassus Terentianus, consul ''suffectus'' around AD 193. * Pomponius Bassus, consul in AD 211, put to death by Elagabalus, so that the emperor could marry his widow,
Annia Faustina Annia Aurelia Faustina (fl. 201 – c. 222) was an Anatolian Roman noblewoman. She was briefly married to the Roman emperor Elagabalus in 221 and thus a Roman empress. She was Elagabalus' third wife. Ancestry and family Faustina was of nobl ...
. * Pomponius Bassus, consul in AD 259 and 271; in the latter year, his colleague was the emperor
Aurelian Aurelian ( la, Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 October 275) was a Roman emperor, who reigned during the Crisis of the Third Century, from 270 to 275. As emperor, he won an unprecedented series of military victories which reunited ...
.


Others


Republican Pomponii

* Pomponia, the wife of Publius Cornelius Scipio, and mother of
Scipio Africanus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (, , ; 236/235–183 BC) was a Roman general and statesman, most notable as one of the main architects of Rome's victory against Carthage in the Second Punic War. Often regarded as one of the best military co ...
. * Sextus Pomponius,
legate Legate may refer to: * Legatus, a higher ranking general officer of the Roman army drawn from among the senatorial class :*Legatus Augusti pro praetore, a provincial governor in the Roman Imperial period *A member of a legation *A representative, ...
of the consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus in 218 BC, the first year of the
Second Punic War The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. For 17 years the two states struggled for supremacy, primarily in Ital ...
. * Titus Pomponius Veientanus, a '' publicanus'', who as commander of some of the allied troops in southern Italy in 213 BC, attacked the Carthaginian general Hanno; he was defeated and taken prisoner. * Marcus Pomponius, praetor ''urbanus'' in 161 BC, obtained a decree of the
senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
, forbidding philosophers and rhetoricians from living at Rome. * Marcus Pomponius, an intimate friend of Gaius Gracchus, who sacrificed himself to afford Gracchus to escape his pursuers on the day of his death, in 121 BC. * Lucius Pomponius Bononiensis, a playwright of the early first century BC. * Marcus Pomponius, aedile in 82 BC, exhibited scenic games, in which the dancer Galeria Copiola appeared, at the age of 13 or 14. * Gnaeus Pomponius, an orator of some repute, and
tribune of the plebs Tribune of the plebs, tribune of the people or plebeian tribune ( la, tribunus plebis) was the first office of the Roman state that was open to the plebeians, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the power o ...
in 90 BC, was put to death by
Sulla Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (; 138–78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. Sulla had t ...
. * Marcus Pomponius, the name erroneously assigned by
Plutarch Plutarch (; grc-gre, Πλούταρχος, ''Ploútarchos''; ; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for hi ...
to Marcus Pompeius, commander of the cavalry under
Lucullus Lucius Licinius Lucullus (; 118–57/56 BC) was a Roman general and statesman, closely connected with Lucius Cornelius Sulla. In culmination of over 20 years of almost continuous military and government service, he conquered the eastern kingd ...
during the
Third Mithridatic War The Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BC), the last and longest of the three Mithridatic Wars, was fought between Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman Republic. Both sides were joined by a great number of allies dragging the entire east of th ...
. * Marcus Pomponius, legate of Gnaeus Pompeius during the war against the pirates in 67 BC; he was assigned to keep watch over the
Ligurian Sea The Ligurian Sea ( it, Mar Ligure; french: Mer Ligurienne; lij, Mâ Ligure) is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea. It lies between the Italian Riviera (Liguria) and the island of Corsica. The sea is thought to have been named after the ancient ...
and the sinus Gallicus. * Titus Pomponius, father of Atticus, a man of learning, who, being possessed of considerable property, gave his son a liberal education. * Titus Pomponius T. f. Atticus, an eques, moneylender, and friend of
Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the esta ...
. * Pomponia T. f., married
Quintus Tullius Cicero Quintus Tullius Cicero ( , ; 102 – 43 BC) was a Roman statesman and military leader, the younger brother of Marcus Tullius Cicero. He was born into a family of the equestrian order, as the son of a wealthy landowner in Arpinum, some south-eas ...
. * Pomponia T. f. T. n., married
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (; BC – 12 BC) was a Roman general, statesman, and architect who was a close friend, son-in-law, and lieutenant to the Roman emperor Augustus. He was responsible for the construction of some of the most notable build ...
, and became the mother of Vipsania Agrippina, the first wife of
Tiberius Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was the second Roman emperor. He reigned from AD 14 until 37, succeeding his stepfather, the first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC. His father ...
. * Marcus Pomponius Dionysius, a freedman of Titus Pomponius Atticus. * Quintus Pomponius Musa, ''
triumvir monetalis The ''triumvir monetalis'' ( ''tresviri'' or ''triumviri monetales'', also called the , abbreviated IIIVIR A. A. A. F. F.) was a moneyer during the Roman Republic and the Empire, who oversaw the minting of coins. In that role, he would be respon ...
circa'' 66 BC. * Publius Pomponius, a companion of Publius Clodius Pulcher at the time of his death, in 52 BC. * Marcus Pomponius, commanded Caesar's fleet at Messana; the greater part of the fleet was burnt by
Gaius Cassius Longinus Gaius Cassius Longinus (c. 86 BC – 3 October 42 BC) was a Roman senator and general best known as a leading instigator of the plot to assassinate Julius Caesar on 15 March 44 BC. He was the brother-in-law of Brutus, another leader of the co ...
during the
Civil War A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government polici ...
, in 48 BC. * Pomponius, proscribed by the triumvirs in 43 BC, he escaped Rome disguised as a Praetor, accompanied by slaves playing the part of lictors.


Pomponii of imperial times

* Publius Pomponius Graecinus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 16, was a friend of
Ovid Pūblius Ovidius Nāsō (; 20 March 43 BC – 17/18 AD), known in English as Ovid ( ), was a Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace, with whom ...
, and the brother of Lucius Pomponius Flaccus, who was consul the following year. * Pomponia Graecina, married Aulus Plautius, the first governor of
Britannia Britannia () is the national personification of Britain as a helmeted female warrior holding a trident and shield. An image first used in classical antiquity, the Latin ''Britannia'' was the name variously applied to the British Isles, Grea ...
. *
Lucius Pomponius Flaccus Lucius Pomponius Flaccus (died 33) was a Roman senator, who held a number of imperial appointments during the reign of Tiberius. He was consul in AD 17 with Gaius Caelius Rufus as his colleague. Flaccus was the brother of Gaius Pomponius Graec ...
, consul in AD 17, was a friend of
Tiberius Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was the second Roman emperor. He reigned from AD 14 until 37, succeeding his stepfather, the first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC. His father ...
, and the brother of Publius Pomponius Graecinus, who had been consul the preceding year. * Marcus Pomponius Marcellus, a celebrated grammarian and advocate during the reign of Tiberius. * Pomponius Labeo, governor of
Moesia Moesia (; Latin: ''Moesia''; el, Μοισία, Moisía) was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River, which included most of the territory of modern eastern Serbia, Kosovo, north-eastern Alban ...
during the reign of Tiberius, he was denounced by the emperor for maladministration, and put an end to his life in AD 34. * Publius Pomponius Secundus, a celebrated tragedian, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 44, later triumphed over the
Chatti The Chatti (also Chatthi or Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe whose homeland was near the upper Weser (''Visurgis''). They lived in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, along the upper reaches of that river and in the val ...
. * Quintus Pomponius Secundus, brother of the playwright, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 41, joined the revolt of Camillus Scribonianus the following year. * Pomponius Mela, a geographer, who probably lived during the reign of
Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Drusus and Antonia Minor ...
. * Pomponia Decharis, possibly a
freedwoman A freedman or freedwoman is a formerly enslaved person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, enslaved people were freed by manumission (granted freedom by their captor-owners), emancipation (granted freedom a ...
who was buried in the tomb of
Eumachia Eumachia (1st century AD) was a Roman business entrepreneur and priestess. She served as the public priestess of Venus Pompeiana in Pompeii as well as the matron of the Fullers guild. She is known primarily from inscriptions on a large public bui ...
in
Pompeii Pompeii (, ) was an ancient city located in what is now the ''comune'' of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy. Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area (e.g. at Boscoreale, Stabiae), was burie ...
. She was the adoptive mother of Alleius Nigidius Maius, who became one of the towns most admired patrons. * Gaius Pomponius Pius, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 65. * Gaius Pomponius, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 74. * Quintus Pomponius Rufus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 95. * Lucius Pomponius Maternus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 97. * Gaius Pomponius Pius, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 98. * Gaius Pomponius Rufus Acilius Priscus Coelius Sparsus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 98 and proconsul of
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
in 112/113. * Pomponius Mamilianus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 100. * Quintus Pomponius Marcellus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 121. * Lucius Pomponius Silvanus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 121. * Titus Pomponius Antistianus Funisulanus Vettonianus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 121. * Quintus Pomponius Maternus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 128. * Sextus Pomponius, a jurist active during the time of
Hadrian Hadrian (; la, Caesar Trâiānus Hadriānus ; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born in Italica (close to modern Santiponce in Spain), a Roman ''municipium'' founded by Italic settlers in Hispania ...
. * Gaius Pomponius Camerinus, consul in AD 138. * Quintus Pomponius Musa, consul in AD 158. * Titus Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio, consul ''iter'' in AD 178. * Pomponius Porphyrion, an important commentator on the poet
Quintus Horatius Flaccus Quintus Horatius Flaccus (; 8 December 65 – 27 November 8 BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace (), was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his '' ...
. * Lucius Pomponius Liberalis, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 204. * Pomponia Rufina, a Vestal Virgin put to death by Caracalla.Cassius Dio, lxxvii, 16. *
Marcus Pomponius Maecius Probus Marcus Pomponius Maecius Probus (c. 195 – after 228) was a Consul in 228 AD. He was the son of Marcus Maecius Probus and his wife Pomponia Arria. In the genealogical reconstruction by C. Settipani, he married and had: * Marcus Maecius Probus ( ...
, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 228. * Pomponius Januarianus, consul in AD 288.


See also

* List of Roman gentes * Pomponia * Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas


Notes


References

{{reflist


Bibliography

*
Marcus Tullius Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the esta ...
, '' Brutus'', ''
De Officiis ''De Officiis'' (''On Duties'' or ''On Obligations'') is a political and ethical treatise by the Roman orator, philosopher, and statesman Marcus Tullius Cicero written in 44 BC. The treatise is divided into three books, in which Cicero expounds h ...
'', ''
De Oratore ''De Oratore'' (''On the Orator''; not to be confused with '' Orator'') is a dialogue written by Cicero in 55 BC. It is set in 91 BC, when Lucius Licinius Crassus dies, just before the Social War and the civil war between Marius and Sulla, d ...
'', ''
Epistulae ad Atticum ''Epistulae ad Atticum'' ( Latin for "Letters to Atticus") is a collection of letters from Roman politician and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero to his close friend Titus Pomponius Atticus. The letters in this collection, together with Cicero's ...
''. * Gaius Julius Caesar, ''Commentarii de Bello Civili'' (Commentaries on the Civil War). * Titus Livius (Livy), ''Ab Urbe Condita Libri, History of Rome''. * Marcus Velleius Paterculus, ''Compendium of Roman History''. * Valerius Maximus, ''Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium'' (Memorable Facts and Sayings). * Asconius Pedianus, Quintus Asconius Pedianus, ''Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis Pro Milone'' (Commentary on Cicero's Oration ''Pro Milone''). * Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), ''Natural History (Pliny), Naturalis Historia'' (Natural History). * Tacitus, Publius Cornelius Tacitus, ''Annals (Tacitus), Annales''. *
Plutarch Plutarch (; grc-gre, Πλούταρχος, ''Ploútarchos''; ; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for hi ...
us, ''Parallel Lives, Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans''. * Suetonius, Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, ''De Claris Rhetoribus'' (On the Eminent Orators), ''De Illustribus Grammaticis'' (The Illustrious Grammarians).. * Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian), ''Bellum Samniticum'' (History of the Samnite War), ''Bella Mithridatica'' (The Mithridatic Wars), ''Bellum Civile'' (The Civil War). * Aulus Gellius, ''Noctes Atticae'' (Attic Nights). * Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Cassius Dio), ''Roman History''. * Herodianus, ''History of the Empire from the Death of Marcus''. * Aurelius Victor, Sextus Aurelius Victor, ''De Viris Illustribus'' (On Famous Men). * Elizabeth Johnstone (Mrs. Hamilton) Gray, ''The History of Etruria'', J. Hatchard and Son, London (1843, 1844, 1868). * ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', William Smith (lexicographer), William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). * Karl Otfried Müller, ''Die Etrusker'', Albert Heitz, Stuttgart (1877). * George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', vol. VIII (1897). * Herbert A. Grueber, ''Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum'', William Clowes and Sons, Ltd., London (1910). * Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton, T. Robert S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', American Philological Association (1952). * Michael Grant (author), Michael Grant, ''Roman Myths'' (1971). Pomponii, Roman gentes