Phrygian mode

The Phrygian mode (pronounced ) can refer to three different musical modes: the ancient Greek ''tonos'' or ''harmonia,'' sometimes called Phrygian, formed on a particular set of octave species or scales; the Medieval Phrygian mode, and the modern conception of the Phrygian mode as a diatonic scale, based on the latter.

Ancient Greek Phrygian

The octave species (scale) underlying the ancient-Greek Phrygian ''tonos'' (in its diatonic genus) corresponds to the medieval and modern Dorian mode. The terminology is based on the '' Elements'' by Aristoxenos (fl. c. 335 BC), a disciple of Aristotle. The Phrygian ''tonos'' or ''harmonia'' is named after the ancient kingdom of Phrygia in Anatolia.

In Greek music theory, the ''harmonia'' given this name was based on a ''tonos'', in turn based on a scale or octave species built from a tetrachord which, in its diatonic genus, consisted of a series of rising intervals of a whole tone, followed by a semitone, followed by a whole tone.

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In the chromatic genus, this is a minor third followed by two semitones.

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In the enharmonic genus, it is a major third and two quarter tones.
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A diatonic-genus octave species built upon D is roughly equivalent to playing all the white notes on a piano keyboard from D to D:
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This scale, combined with a set of characteristic melodic behaviours and associated ethoi, constituted the ''harmonia'' which was given the ethnic name "Phrygian", after the "unbounded, ecstatic peoples of the wild, mountainous regions of the Anatolian highlands". This ethnic name was also confusingly applied by theorists such as Cleonides to one of thirteen chromatic transposition levels, regardless of the intervallic makeup of the scale.

Medieval Phrygian mode

The early Catholic Church developed a system of eight musical modes that medieval music scholars gave names drawn from the ones used to describe the ancient Greek ''harmoniai''. The name "Phrygian" was applied to the third of these eight church modes, the authentic mode on E, described as the diatonic octave extending from E to the E an octave higher and divided at B, therefore beginning with a semitone-tone-tone-tone pentachord, followed by a semitone-tone-tone tetrachord:

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The ambitus of this mode extended one tone lower, to D. The sixth degree, C, which is the tenor of the corresponding third psalm tone, was regarded by most theorists as the most important note after the final, though the fifteenth-century theorist Johannes Tinctoris implied that the fourth degree, A, could be so regarded instead.

Placing the two tetrachords together, and the single tone at bottom of the scale produces the Hypophrygian mode (below Phrygian):

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Modern Phrygian mode

In modern western music (from the 18th century onward), the Phrygian mode is related to the modern natural minor scale, also known as the Aeolian mode, but with the second scale degree lowered by a semitone, making it a minor second above the tonic, rather than a major second.

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The following is the Phrygian mode starting on E, or E Phrygian, with corresponding tonal scale degrees illustrating how the modern major mode and natural minor mode can be altered to produce the Phrygian mode:
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Therefore, the Phrygian mode consists of: root, minor second, minor third, perfect fourth, perfect fifth, minor sixth, minor seventh, and octave. Alternatively, it can be written as the pattern

: half, whole, whole, whole, half, whole, whole
In contemporary jazz, the Phrygian mode is used over chords and sonorities built on the mode, such as the sus4(9) chord (see Suspended chord), which is sometimes called a ''Phrygian suspended chord''. For example, a soloist might play an E Phrygian over an Esus4(9) chord (E–A–B–D–F).

Phrygian dominant scale

A Phrygian dominant scale is produced by raising the third scale degree of the mode:

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The Phrygian dominant is also known as the Spanish gypsy scale, because it resembles the scales found in flamenco and also the Berber rhythms; it is the fifth mode of the harmonic minor scale. Flamenco music uses the Phrygian scale together with a modified scale from the Arab '' maqām Ḥijāzī'' (like the Phrygian dominant but with a major sixth scale degree), and a bimodal configuration using both major and minor second and third scale degrees.

Examples

Ancient Greek

* The First Delphic Hymn, written in 128 BC by the Athenian composer Limenius, is in the Phrygian and Hyperphrygian ''tonoi'', with much variation.
* The Seikilos epitaph (1st century AD) is in the Phrygian species (diatonic genus), in the Iastian (or low Phrygian) transposition.

Medieval and Renaissance

* Gregorian chant, '' Tristes erant apostoli'', version in the ''Vesperale Romanum'', originally Ambrosian chant.
* The Roman chant variant of the Requiem introit "Rogamus te" is in the (authentic) Phrygian mode, or 3rd tone.
* Orlando di Lasso's motet ''In me transierunt''.
* Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina's motet ''Congratulamini mihi''.

Baroque

*Johann Sebastian Bach keeps in his cantatas the Phrygian mode of some original chorale melodies, such as Luther's "" on a melody by Matthias Greitter, used twice in ''Die Himmel erzählen die Ehre Gottes'', BWV 76
* Heinrich Schütz's ''Johannes-Passion'' (1666) is in the Phrygian mode
* Dieterich Buxtehude's Prelude in A minor, BuxWV 152, (labeled ''Phrygisch'' in the BuxWV catalog)

Romantic

*Anton Bruckner:
** ''Ave Regina caelorum'', WAB 8 (1885–88).
** '' Pange lingua'', WAB 33 (second setting, 1868).
** Symphony no. 3, passages in the third (scherzo) and fourth movements .
** Symphony no. 4 (third version, 1880), Finale.
** Symphony no. 6, first, third (scherzo), and fourth movements.
** Symphony no. 7, first movement.
** Symphony no. 8, first and fourth movements.
** ''Tota pulchra es'', WAB 46 (1878).
** '' Vexilla regis'', WAB 51 (1892).
* Isaac Albéniz' ''Rumores de la Caleta'', Op. 71, No. 6
*Ralph Vaughan Williams' '' Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis'', based on Thomas Tallis's 1567 setting of Psalm 2, "Why fum'th in sight".

Contemporary classical music

* John Coolidge Adams, '' Phrygian Gates''
*Samuel Barber:
**'' Adagio for Strings'', op. 11
**"I Hear an Army", from Three Songs, op. 10
*Philip Glass, the final aria from '' Satyagraha''

Film music

*Howard Shore, "Prologue" accompanying the opening sequence of the film, though the second half of the melody contains an A natural, which in the key of the piece makes it Phrygian Dominant. '' The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''.

Jazz

*"Solea" by Gil Evans from ''Sketches of Spain''.

Rock

*"Careful with That Axe, Eugene" and "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun" by Pink Floyd
*" Wherever I May Roam" by Metallica
*" War" by Joe Satriani
*" Sails of Charon" by Scorpions
*"Unholy Confessions" by Avenged Sevenfold
*"Things We Said Today" by The Beatles

See also

* Bhairavi, the equivalent scale ( thaat) in Hindustani music
* Shoor, the main dastgah (scale) in Iranian music
* Hanumatodi, the equivalent scale ( melakarta) in Carnatic music
* Neapolitan chord
* Phrygian cadence
* Phrygian dominant scale

References

Footnotes

Sources
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Further reading

* Franklin, Don O. 1996. "Vom alten zum neuen Adam: Phrygischer Kirchenton und moderne Tonalität in J. S. Bachs Kantate 38". In ''Von Luther zu Bach: Bericht über die Tagung 22.–25. September 1996 in Eisenach'', edited by Renate Steiger, 129–144. Internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für theologische Bachforschung (1996): Eisenach. Sinzig: Studio-Verlag. .
* Gombosi, Otto. 1951. "Key, Mode, Species". '' Journal of the American Musicological Society'' 4, no. 1:20–26. (Subscription access)
* Hewitt, Michael. 2013. ''Musical Scales of the World''. .l. The Note Tree. .
* Novack, Saul. 1977. "The Significance of the Phrygian Mode in the History of Tonality". ''Miscellanea Musicologica'' 9:82–177.
* Tilton, Mary C. 1989. "The Influence of Psalm Tone and Mode on the Structure of the Phrygian Toccatas of Claudio Merulo". ''Theoria'' 4:106–122.

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