philip kaufman

Philip Kaufman (born October 23, 1936) is an American film director and screenwriter who has directed fifteen films over a career spanning more than six decades. He has been described as a "maverick" and an "iconoclast," notable for his versatility and independence. He is considered an

"auteur"

, whose films have always expressed his personal vision.

Kaufman's works have included genres such as realism, horror, fantasy, erotica, Westerns, underworld crime, and inner city gangs. His choice of topics has been eclectic and sometimes controversial, having adapted novels with diverse themes and stories. Examples are

Milan Kundera

's ''The Unbearable Lightness of Being'' (1988), Michael Crichton's '' Rising Sun'' (1993), a remake of ''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' (1978), and the erotic writings of

Anaïs Nin

's ''Henry & June'' (1990). His film '' The Wanderers'' (1979) has achieved cult status. But his greatest success was Tom Wolfe's true-life '' The Right Stuff'' (1983), which received eight

Academy Award

nominations, including Best Picture.

According to film historian Annette Insdorf, "no other living American director has so consistently and successfully made movies for adults, tackling sensuality, artistic creation, and manipulation by authorities." Other critics note that Kaufman's films are "strong on mood and atmosphere," with powerful cinematography and a "lyrical, poetic style" to portray different historic periods. His later films have a somewhat European style, but the stories always "stress individualism and integrity, and are clearly American."

Early life

Kaufman was born in

Chicago

in 1936, the only son of Elizabeth (Brandau), a housewife, and Nathan Kaufman, a produce businessman. He was the grandson of German Jewish immigrants.Simon, Alex
"Kaufman/Sade"
''Venice Magazine'', December 2000/January 2001 One of his grammar and high school friends was

William Friedkin

, who also became a director. He developed an early love of movies and during his youth he would often go to double features.Insdorf, Annette. ''Philip Kaufman'', Univ. of Illinois Press (2012)

He attended the University of Chicago where he received a degree in history, and then enrolled at Harvard Law School where he spent a year. He returned to Chicago for a postgraduate degree, hoping to become a professor of history.Allon, Yoram; Cullen, Del; and Patterson, Hannah, editors. ''Contemporary North American Film Directors'', Wallflower Press (2000) p. 292

Before graduating Kaufman became involved in the counterculture movement and in 1960 moved to San Francisco. He took various jobs there, including postal worker, and befriended a number of influential people, such as writer

Henry Miller

. He and his wife then decided to travel and live in Europe for a while where he would teach.Hillstrom, Laurie, and Welsh, James M., editors. ''International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers-2: Directors'', 3rd edition, St. James Press (1997) pp. 512-13 After spending time working on a

kibbutz

in Israel, he taught English and math for two years in Greece and Italy. During his travels he also met author

Anaïs Nin

, whose relationship with her lover,

Henry Miller

, later became the inspiration and subject for Kaufman's film ''Henry and June'' (1990).

He met Saugus, Massachusetts-born Rose Fisher in 1957, when he was 21 and she was 18, and both were undergraduates at the University of Chicago. A year later, in 1958, they married. They had one son, Peter. Rose Kaufman was also a screenwriter and had bit roles in two of her husband's films. After backpacking in Europe with his wife and their young son, they returned to the United States. His time in Europe heavily influenced Kaufman's decision to become a filmmaker, when he and his wife would wander into small movie theaters showcasing the works of experimental new filmmakers such as John Cassavetes and Shirley Clarke, among others. He recalls the effect of being exposed to those filmmakers as the "start of something new" which would later inspire the European flavor of many of his films: "I could feel the cry of America, the sense of jazz ... So I came back to Chicago in 1962 and set about trying to learn as much as I could, seeing every foreign movie I could."

Career

;''Goldstein'' (1964)
Kaufman returned to Chicago, ready to make his first feature film. He went around town looking for funding for his directorial debut, '' Goldstein'' (1964), co-written and co-directed with Benjamin Manaster. Kaufman initially conceived of the story in an unfinished novel, but at the urging of

Anaïs Nin

he then made it into a "mystical comedy" film. It was inspired by a story from

Martin Buber

's ''Tales of the Hasidim'', and was filmed on location in Chicago with a cast composed of local actors from The Second City comedy troupe.

The film won the Prix de la Nouvelle Critique (New Critics Prize) at the 1964

Cannes Film Festival

, with French director Jean Renoir calling it the best American film he had seen in 20 years. François Truffaut, another leading French director, was visiting Chicago when the film premiered and he came to the opening. Kaufman recalled that Truffaut "leaped to his feet" in the middle of the screening and began applauding.

;''Fearless Frank'' (1967)
Two years later, Kaufman went on to direct ''Fearless Frank'' (1967), a comic book/counterculture fable, which he wrote, produced, and directed. It costarred Jon Voight in his film debut. Kaufman spent four years trying to find a distributor, but the film was a box-office failure when it finally played. While the movie didn't gain as much attention as ''Goldstein'', it did help Kaufman land a contract in

Universal Studios

' Young Directors Program in 1969.Philip Kaufman
''Film Reference''; accessed January 20, 2019.

;''The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid'' (1972)
In 1972, Kaufman wrote and directed '' The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid'' starring Robert Duvall as

Jesse James

, in what was his first commercial film after the previous two independent ones. He spent a lot of time researching the real life characters when writing the screenplay, although the film took some liberties portraying some of the factual details. The ''Los Angeles Times'' wrote that "Kaufman is not an angry revisionist, but seems to be trying to tell it like it must have been, with an amused detachment, which sees the events as something close to an absurd spectacle."Boggs, Johnny D. ''Jesse James and the Movies'', McFarland (2011) p. 200

;''The White Dawn'' (1974)
Kaufman directed ''The White Dawn'' in 1974, a drama based on the novel of the same name by James Houston. Shot in documentary style, a story about whalers, played by Warren Oates, Louis Gossett, Jr., and Timothy Bottoms, stranded in the Arctic at the turn of the century. To survive they battle polar bears and take advantage of the Eskimos who had originally saved them.

;''The Outlaw Josey Wales'' (1976)
Kaufman wrote and began directing ''The Outlaw Josey Wales'' (1976) but was fired as director after disagreements with its star

Clint Eastwood

who then directed the film himself. Before filming began, Eastwood felt the screenplay needed more suspense and hired Kaufman to polish the story. He also thought Kaufman would be a good choice to direct, after being impressed by the realism he created in ''White Dawn''.Schickel, Richard. ''Clint Eastwood: A Biography'', Knopf Doubleday (1996) pp. 325-26 Critic David Thomson explains that Eastwood was later bothered by the number of takes Kaufman wanted, which Eastwood considered a waste of time and expense.

;''Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' (1978)
Kaufman directed the science fiction thriller, '' Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' in 1978, which became his first box office hit. It was a remake of the 1956 version. In this version, Kaufman moved the setting to San Francisco and recreated the alien threat as more a horror film than science fiction, and in a way that was disturbing, humorous, and believable. Critic Pauline Kael said "It may be the best movie of its kind ever made."

;''The Wanderers'' (1979)
In 1979, he directed '' The Wanderers'', based on comic novel by Richard Price. The direction of the film illustrated Kaufman's mastery of genre quite different from his previous films. It's the story of a benign Italian gang of teenagers in the Bronx of 1963, with Ken Wahl and Karen Allen. It was Wahl's debut film, and Allen's second role, and the film has become a cult favorite.

;''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' (1981) co-writer
In 1981, Kaufman became involved with the first Indiana Jones film, ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', for which he received story credit. The character of Indiana Jones was created by

George Lucas

and Kaufman came up with the story about the pursuit of the

Ark of the Covenant

.

;''The Right Stuff'' (1983)
In 1983, Kaufman directed and wrote the screenplay for the critically acclaimed film, '' The Right Stuff'', an adaptation of the best-selling book of the same name by Tom Wolfe. The story is based on the events and lives of the original test pilots who were selected to become the first U.S. astronauts. The film helped launch or boost the careers of numerous little-known actors, including

Ed Harris

, Scott Glenn, Fred Ward and Dennis Quaid.

Kaufman hired

William Goldman

to write the screenplay, but after a number of disputes about the focus of the story, Goldman quit and Kaufman wrote the screenplay himself. Goldman wanted the story to portray patriotism and center mostly on the astronauts, whereas Kaufman wanted much of the story to focus on

Chuck Yeager

(played by

Sam Shepard

), whom Goldman's script left out completely. Goldman writes in his memoirs, "Phil's heart was with Yeager." And Shepard's biographer, Don Shewey, explains that "though its chief subject is the astronauts, Yeager is the apple of Kaufman's heroic eye."Shewey, Don. ''Sam Shepard'', Da Capo Press (1997) pp. 165-166 Critic David Thomson agrees:

Historian Michael Barson considers it one of the more ambitious pictures of the 1980s.Barson, Michael. ''Hollywood Directors'', Noonday Press (1995) pp. 222-23 Roger Ebert said the film was "impressive," noting that the way Kaufman had organized the material into one of the "best recent American movies, is astonishing."Ebert, Roger. ''Awake in the Dark: The Best of Roger Ebert'', Univ. of Chicago Press (2006) p. 160 The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards (including Best Picture) and won four, yet failed at the box office. Kaufman earned the Writers Guild and Directors Guild nomination for his satiric adaptation of the astronaut program. "It may be the last movie of the heroic 1970s," writes Thomson.Thomson, David. ''The New Biographical Dictionary of Film'', Knopf (2002) pp. 454-56.

;''The Unbearable Lightness of Being'' (1988)
''The Unbearable Lightness of Being'' was directed and co-written by Kaufman in 1988. The film is based on the novel by

Milan Kundera

which takes place during the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Kaufman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.video
Scene compilation from ''The Unbearable Lightness of Being''
/ref>

;''Henry & June'' (1990)
In 1990, he wrote and directed ''Henry & June'', a re-creation of the affairs among and between Henry Miller, June Miller, and Anais Nin in 1931 Paris. The film created some controversy when it was released. It was the first film to be given an

NC-17

rating by the MPAA.

;''Rising Sun'' (1993)
Kaufman directed '' Rising Sun'' in 1993, an adaptation of Michael Crichton's thriller which takes place in Los Angeles. The film starred

Sean Connery

and Wesley Snipes. Crichton angrily withdrew early on as a result of Kaufman softening the book's more anti-Japan posturing.

In 1995, Kaufman narrated ''China: The Wild East'' a documentary directed by his son, Peter Kaufman.

;''Quills'' (2000)
In 2000, Kaufman directed ''Quills'', a satirical thriller film about the increasingly desperate efforts of the Marquis de Sade's jailers to censor his licentious works, starring

Geoffrey Rush

, Joaquin Phoenix, Kate Winslet and Michael Caine.

;''Twisted'' (2004)
In 2003, he directed ''Twisted'', a thriller about a young policewoman whose casual sex partners are murdered while she herself suffers alcoholic blackouts. It starred Ashley Judd, Samuel L. Jackson and Andy Garcia.

;''Hemingway & Gellhorn'' (2012)
In 2012, eight years after his previous film, Kaufman directed an HBO biopic about Ernest Hemingway and his relationship with Martha Gellhorn entitled '' Hemingway & Gellhorn''. It starred Clive Owen and

Nicole Kidman

. The film had been planned for many years, but languished as a project so he could care for Rose, who was fighting a cancer which would prove terminal. Kidman read the script and told him, "I want to do it ... no matter how long it takes. I'm in." The film was nominated for 15 Primetime Emmy Awards, including one for Kaufman for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special.

Personal life

Kaufman lives in San Francisco, where he also runs his production company, Walrus and Associates. Kaufman's wife Rose Kaufman (March 30, 1939 – December 7, 2009), who made appearances in bit roles in ''Henry & June'' and '' Invasion of the Body Snatchers'', died in

San Francisco

, aged 70, from cancer. She co-wrote the screenplays of '' The Wanderers'' and ''Henry & June''. Their son Peter Kaufman was the producer of ''Henry & June'', '' Rising Sun'', ''Quills'', ''Twisted'', and '' Hemingway & Gellhorn''. Peter Kaufman is married to

Nancy Pelosi

's daughter Christine Pelosi.

Filmography

Also credited ''Characters created by" in ''Indiana Jones'' franchise (post-''Raiders'' films and video games).

References

External links

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*
* video
Philip Kaufman on Charlie Rose
talking about ''Hemingway and Gelhorn''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaufman, Philip
1936 births
Living people
American film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
American people of German-Jewish descent
Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award winners
Harvard Law School alumni
Jewish American writers
University of Chicago alumni
21st-century American Jews