Phalangiotarbi ( Haase, 1890) is an extinct

arachnid Arachnida () is a class of joint-legged invertebrate animals (arthropods), in the subphylum Chelicerata. Arachnida includes, among others, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, camel spiders, whip spiders and vinegar ...

order first recorded from the

Early Devonian The Early Devonian is the first of three epochs comprising the Devonian period, corresponding to the Lower Devonian series. It lasted from and began with the Lochkovian Stage , which was followed by the Pragian from and then by the Emsian, ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...

and most widespread in the Upper

Carboniferous The Carboniferous ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, million years ago. The name ''Carboniferou ...

coal measures In lithostratigraphy, the coal measures are the coal-bearing part of the Upper Carboniferous System. In the United Kingdom, the Coal Measures Group consists of the Upper Coal Measures Formation, the Middle Coal Measures Formation and the Lower Coa ...

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

and

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and th ...

. The last species are known from the early

Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.9 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleo ...

Rotliegend The Rotliegend, Rotliegend Group or Rotliegendes (german: the underlying red) is a lithostratigraphic unit (a sequence of rock strata) of latest Carboniferous to Guadalupian (middle Permian) age that is found in the subsurface of large areas in wes ...

of Germany. The affinities of phalangiotarbids are obscure, with most authors favouring affinities with

Opiliones The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. , over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of ext ...

(harvestmen) and/or

Acari Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods). Mites span two large orders of arachnids, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari, but genetic analysis does not show clear evid ...

(mites and ticks). Phalangiotarbida has been recently (2004) proposed to be sister group to (

Palpigradi Palpigrades, commonly known as microwhip scorpions, are arachnids belonging to the order Palpigradi. Description Palpigrades belong to the arachnid class. They are the sister group to Solifugae, no more than in length, and averaging . They have ...

Tetrapulmonata Tetrapulmonata is a non-ranked supra-ordinal clade of arachnids. It is composed of the extant orders Thelyphonida (whip scorpions), Schizomida (short-tailed whip scorpions), Amblypygi (tail-less whip scorpions) and Araneae (spiders). It is th ...

): the taxon Megoperculata sensu Shultz (1990). ''

Nemastomoides depressus ''Nemastomoides'' is an extinct genus of harvestmen known from the Carboniferous fossil record. The genus is the only member of the family Nemastomoididae and contains three described species. ''Nemastomoides elaveris'' was found in the Coal ...

'', described as a harvestman in the family Nemastomoididae, is actually a poorly preserved phalangiotarbid.Dunlop ''in'' Pinto-da-Rocha ''et al.'' 2007: 255

Names

The order is also called Phalangiotarbida, the ending -ida originated when Petrunkevitch (1955) tried to standardize the endings of the arachnid orders, which is unnecessary and unwarranted according to the

ICZN The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. It is also informally known as the ICZN Code, for its publisher, the I ...

. Nevertheless, Phalangiotarbida has become the more widespread usage in the recent literature. Architarbi Petrunkevitch, 1945 is a synonym.

Taxa included

* Family Anthracotarbidae Kjellesvig-Waering, 1969 ** Genus '' Anthracotarbus'' Kjellesvig-Waering, 1969 *** Species ''Anthracotarbus hintoni'' Kjellesvig-Waering, 1969 * Family Architarbidae Karsch, 1882 ** Genus '' Architarbus''

Scudder Scudder, a surname, may refer to: People * Bernard Scudder, translator from Icelandic to English * Edward W. Scudder (1822-1893), Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court * Horace Scudder, American editor * Henry Scudder (clergyman) (d. 1659?), E ...

, 1868 *** Species ''Architarbus hoffmanni'' Guthörl, 1934 (Jr synonyms ''Opiliotarbus kliveri'' Waterlot, 1934; ''Goniotarbus sarana'' Guthörl, 1965) *** Species ''Architarbus minor'' Petrunkevitch, 1913 *** Species ''Architarbus rotundatus'' Scudder, 1868 ** Genus '' Bornatarbus'' Rößler & Schneider, 1997 *** Species ''Bornatarbus mayasii'' Haupt ''in'' Nindel, 1955 ** Genus '' Devonotarbus'' Poschmann, Anderson & Dunlop, 2005 *** Species ''Devonotarbus hombachensis'' Poschmann, Anderson & Dunlop, 2005 ** Genus '' Discotarbus'' Petrunkevitch, 1913 *** Species ''Discotarbus deplanatus'' Petrunkevitch, 1913 ** Genus '' Geratarbus'' Scudder, 1890 *** Species ''Geratarbus lacoei'' Scudder, 1890 *** Species ''Geratarbus bohemicus'' Petrunkevitch, 1953 ** Genus '' Goniotarbus'' Petrunkevitch, 1953 *** Species ''Goniotarbus angulatus'' Pocock, 1911 *** Species ''Goniotarbus tuberculatus'' Pocock, 1911 ** Genus '' Hadrachne'' Melander, 1903 *** Species ''Hadrachne horribilis'' Melander, 1903 ** Genus '' Leptotarbus'' Petrunkevitch, 1945 *** Species ''Leptotarbus torpedo'' Pocock, 1911 ** Genus '' Mesotarbus'' Petrunkevitch, 1949 *** Species ''Mesotarbus angustus'' Pocock, 1911 *** Species ''Mesotarbus eggintoni'' Pocock, 1911 *** Species ''Mesotarbus hindi'' Pocock, 1911 *** Species ''Mesotarbus intermedius'' Petrunkevitch, 1949 *** Species ''Mesotarbus peteri'' Dunlop & Horrocks, 1997 ** Genus '' Metatarbus'' Petrunkevitch, 1913 *** Species ''Metatarbus triangularus'' Petrunkevitch, 1913 ** Genus '' Ootarbus'' Petrunkevitch, 1945 *** Species ''Ootarbus pulcher'' Petrunkevitch, 1945 *** Species ''Ootarbus ovatus'' Petrunkevitch, 1945 ** Genus '' Orthotarbus''Petrunkevitch, 1945 *** Species ''Orthotarbus minutus'' Petrunkevitch, 1913 *** Species ''Orthotarbus robustus'' Petrunkevitch, 1945 *** Species ''Orthotarbus nyranensis'' Petrunkevitch, 1953 ** Genus '' Paratarbus'' Petrunkevitch, 1945 *** Species ''Paratarbus carbonarius'' Petrunkevitch, 1945 ** Genus '' Phalangiotarbus'' Haase, 1890 *** Species ''Phalangiotarbus subovalis'' Woodward, 1872 ** Genus '' Pycnotarbus'' Darber, 1990 *** Species ''Pycnotarbus verrucosus'' Darber, 1990 ** Genus '' Triangulotarbus'' Patrick, 1989 *** Species ''Triangulotarbus terrehautensis'' Patrick, 1989 * Family Heterotarbidae Petrunkevitch, 1913 ** Genus '' Heterotarbus'' Petrunkevitch, 1913 *** Species ''Heterotarbus ovatus'' Petrunkevitch, 1913 * Family Opiliotarbidae Petrunkevitch, 1949 ** Genus '' Opiliotarbus'' Pocock, 1910 *** Species ''Opiliotarbus elongatus'' Scudder, 1890 * ''nomina dubia'' ** '' Eotarbus litoralis'' Kušta, 1888 ** '' Nemastomoides depressus'' Petrunkevitch, 1913

References

Bibliography

* Petrunkevitch, Alexander I. (1955): Arachnida. pp. 42–162 in ''Treatise on Invertebrate Palaeontology'', part P. ''Arthropoda 2'' (R.C. Moore, ed.). Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Lawrence. * Shultz, Jeffrey W.(1990): Evolutionary morphology and phylogeny of Arachnida. ''Cladistics 6: 1-38. * Dunlop, Jason A. (1997): Palaeozoic arachnids and their significance for arachnid phylogeny. ''Proceedings of the 16th European Colloquium of Arachnology'' 65–82.
Abstract
* Pollitt, Jessica R.; Braddy, Simon J. & Dunlop, Jason A. (2004): The phylogenetic position of the extinct arachnid order Phalangiotarbida Haase, 1890, with reference to the fauna from the Writhlington Geological Nature Reserve (Somerset, UK). ''Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh'', Earth Sciences, 94(3): 243–259. - PD

* Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G. (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. ''Harvard University Press''

Names

Taxa included

References

Bibliography

Further reading