Petroselinic acid is a
fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, f ...
that occurs naturally in several
animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and go through an ontogenetic stage ...
and
vegetable fats and oils
Vegetable oils, or vegetable fats, are oils extracted from seeds or from other parts of fruits. Like animal fats, vegetable fats are ''mixtures'' of triglycerides. Soybean oil, grape seed oil, and cocoa butter are examples of seed oils, or ...
. It is a white powder and is commercially available. In chemical terms, petroselinic acid is classified as a
monounsaturated omega-12 fatty acid, abbreviated with a
lipid number of 18:1
cis-6. It has the formula CH
3(CH
2)
10CH=CH(CH
2)
4COOH. The term "petroselinic" means related to, or derived from,
oil
An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is hydrophobic (does not mix with water) & lipophilic (mixes with other oils). Oils are usually flammable and surface active. Most oils are unsaturated ...
of ''
Petroselinum
''Petroselinum'' (parsley) is a genus of two species of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to western and southern Europe and northern Africa.The Euro+Med Plantbase Project''Petroselinum''/ref> They are bright green hairless biennia ...
'',
parsley
Parsley, or garden parsley (''Petroselinum crispum'') is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae that is native to the central and eastern Mediterranean region (Sardinia, Lebanon, Israel, Cyprus, Turkey, southern Italy, Greece, ...
. Despite its name, petroselinic acid does not contain any
selenium
Selenium is a chemical element with the symbol Se and atomic number 34. It is a nonmetal (more rarely considered a metalloid) with properties that are intermediate between the elements above and below in the periodic table, sulfur and tellurium, ...
. Petroselinic acid is a positional
isomer
In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formulae – that is, same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space. Isomerism is existence or possibility of isomers.
Is ...
of
oleic acid
Oleic acid is a fatty acid that occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. It is an odorless, colorless oil, although commercial samples may be yellowish. In chemical terms, oleic acid is classified as a monounsaturated o ...
.
Occurrence
Petroselinic was first isolated from parsley seed oil in 1909. Petroselinic acid occurs in high amounts in plants in
Apiaceae
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus '' Apium'' and commonly known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plan ...
,
Araliaceae
The Araliaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of about 43 genera and around 1500 species consisting of primarily woody plants and some herbaceous plants. The morphology of Araliaceae varies widely, but it is predominantly distinguis ...
,
Griselinia (Griseliniaceae) and in
Garryaceae. In
Picramniaceae
Picramniaceae is a small, mainly neotropical family of four genera '' Aenigmanu'', ''Alvaradoa'', ''Nothotalisia'' and ''Picramnia''. The family is the only member of the order Picramniales. Members of the family were formerly placed in the fami ...
, petroselinic acid is accompanied by
tariric acid. In addition, petroselinic acid has been found in minor amounts in several fats of plant and animal origin, including in human sources.
The occurrence of petroselinic acid as the major fatty acid is used in chemosystematics as a proof of a close relationship of several families within the
Apiales as well as within the
Garryales. Besides petroselinic acid, oleic acid has been shown to be present in all cases examined.
Production and chemical behavior
Fatty acids mostly occur as their
ester
In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an oxoacid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one hydroxyl group () is replaced by an alkoxy group (), as in the substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Glycerides ...
s, commonly the
triglyceride
A triglyceride (TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids (from ''tri-'' and ''glyceride'').
Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and other vertebrates, as ...
s, which are the greasy materials in many natural oils. Via the process of
saponification
Saponification is a process of converting esters into soaps and alcohols by the action of aqueous alkali (for example, aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions). Soaps are salts of fatty acids, which in turn are carboxylic acids with long carbon chains. ...
, the fatty acids can be obtained.
The
''trans'' isomer of petroselinic acid is called
petroselaidic acid.
In chemical analysis, petroselinic acid can be separated from other fatty acids by
gas chromatography
Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substanc ...
of methyl esters; additionally, a separation of unsaturated isomers is possible by
argentation thin-layer chromatography.
Uses
Petroselinic acid can be used in cosmetics.
Kosmetische Verwendung von Petroselinsäure
Patent DE69927466T3
References
{{Fatty acids
Fatty acids
Alkenoic acids