Peter Wallace () is commonly held to have been an English or Scottish

buccaneer Buccaneers were a kind of privateers or free sailors particular to the Caribbean Sea during the 17th and 18th centuries. First established on northern Hispaniola as early as 1625, their heyday was from the Restoration in 1660 until about 168 ...

who, in 1638 aboard the ''Swallow'', founded the first English settlement in present-day

Belize Belize (; bzj, Bileez) is a Caribbean and Central American country on the northeastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It also shares a wate ...

. Wallace's

historicity Historicity is the historical actuality of persons and events, meaning the quality of being part of history instead of being a historical myth, legend, or fiction. The historicity of a claim about the past is its factual status. Historicity denot ...

is debated, however, with several scholars deeming him a legendary protagonist of the country's

founding myth An origin myth is a myth that describes the origin of some feature of the natural or social world. One type of origin myth is the creation or cosmogonic myth, a story that describes the creation of the world. However, many cultures have sto ...

, rather than an actual historical figure.

Buccaneering

In 1638, Wallace is believed to have landed at Swallow Caye aboard the ''Swallow'', with a crew of some 80 British men. This is often regarded as the first non-Mayan, non-Hispanic settlement in present-day Belize.Variations of this story exist. See

English settling of Belize The Anglo-Saxon, English, or Baymen's settlement of Belize is traditionally thought to have been effected upon Peter Wallace (buccaneer), Peter Wallace's 1638 landing at the mouth of Haulover Creek. As this account lacks clear primary sources, h ...

for a fuller discussion. For instance, states (which story is accepted by , by , by , and roadlyby ), while (quoting ) states (which story is accepted by ), whereas states # (quoting a column entitled ''Ojeada histórica sobre el establecimiento británico de Belice'' in the ''Fénix'' newspaper by

Justo Sierra Justo Sierra Méndez (January 26, 1848 – September 13, 1912), was a Mexican prominent liberal writer, historian, journalist, poet and political figure during the Porfiriato, in the second half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth ...

) that Wallace landed in the mid-17th century at the mouth of the Belize River, where he and his crew built defensive trenches (accepted by , and by ), # (quoting a biography of Antonio de Figueroa y Silva by Crescencio Carrillo) that Wallace led British buccaneers from their base in Laguna de Terminos to the Belize River in 1717 (repeated in ), # (quoting a geographical dictionary by Ungewitter) that Wallace landed in 1640 (accepted by and ), # (quoting a geographical dictionary by Egli) that Wallace landed in 1610, # (quoting a geographical dictionary by MacCulloch) that Wallace landed after the signing of the Earl of Sandwich's Treaty on 23 May 1667, while states that Wallace landed in 1603 or 1604.

Legacy

Social

Wallace became the subject of local buccaneering myths and legends by at least the 1830s. Swallow Caye is believed to be named after the ''Swallow''. Similarly, the 'Belize' toponym is commonly held to be a Spanish-mediated corruption of 'Wallace' or 'Wallis.'For instance, the following variants of 'Wallace' or 'Wallis' appear in Spanish records– 'Walis,' 'Wallix,' 'Valiss,' 'Valiz,' 'Balis,' 'Balles,' 'Balize,' 'Bellesse,' 'Bellize,' 'Belize,' 'Belice,' per .Though the following alternatives have been proposed for the etymology of 'Belize'– # from French ''balise'' (lit. beacon), as in (quoting Squier), in , in , and in , # from Mayan ''belix'' (lit. muddy water) or ''belikin'' (lit. sea-facing land), as in , and in .

Scholarly

19th century

The earliest mention of Wallace in print is thought to be that of the ''Honduras Almanack'' for 1827, which noted that 'Wallice' was a 'Lieutenant among the Bucaniers who formerly infested these seas Bay_of_Honduras.html" ;"title="Gulf_of_Honduras.html" ;"title="he Gulf of Honduras">Bay of Honduras">Gulf_of_Honduras.html" ;"title="he Gulf of Honduras">Bay of Honduras... [and who] first discovered the mouth of the Belize River, River Belize.' The same publication gave further notice of Wallace in 1839, now noting – This information was promptly popularised by John Lloyd Stephens, who, on 30 October 1839, landed in Belize with

Frederick Catherwood Frederick Catherwood (27 February 1799 – 27 September 1854) was an English artist, architect and explorer, best remembered for his meticulously detailed drawings of the ruins of the Maya civilization. He explored Mesoamerica in the mid 19th c ...

en route to Mayan ruins in Guatemala, further enriched by

Justo Sierra O'Reilly Justo Sierra O'Reilly (Tixcacal-Tuyú; 1814 in Yucatán – 1861 in Mérida, Yucatán) was a Mexican novelist and historian, the father of Mexican author and political figure Justo Sierra Méndez. Sierra O'Reilly was born in the southeastern Mexica ...

on 5 September 1849, and repeated throughout scholarly and lay literature of the 19th century. By 1883, an historian described the state of affairs thus –

20th century

A number of competing theories regarding Wallace's identity and arrival to Belize were proffered in the 20th century. # In 1925, Guatemalan historian Francisco Arturias claimed that Wallace was Sir Walter Raleigh's chief mate at least during that privateer's El Dorado expedition, and further, that Wallace sailed from England on 14 May 1603, settled Belize shortly thereafter, but abandoned the settlement in 1617, finally dying in England in 1621. Notably, this theory was accepted by Sir Alan Burdon in 1931. # In 1946, Belizean historian E. O. Winzerling claimed that 'Willis' set sail for Tortuga in 1639 with a group of men 'drawn mostly from those expelled from Nevis' and became their governor there, and further, that Wallace and company were routed from Tortuga by the French in August 1640 and arrived at the mouth of the Belize River, founding a settlement there 'approximately in September 1640.' # In 1956, American geographer James Jerome Parsons suggested that Wallace may have been an Old Providence Puritan who, with a sizeable contingent of refugee settlers, arrived in Belize in 1641 after the Spanish capture of Old Providence.

21st century

Recent, 21st century literature has tended towards agnosticism regarding the identity and historicity of Wallace. However, some scholars have deemed this trend 'incorrect,' arguing that Wallace is demonstrably apocryphal. Most notably, historians Barbara and Victor Bulmer-Thomas argued in 2016 that the Baymen George Westby and Thomas Pickstock, and the Jamaican historian George Wilson Bridges, disseminated the account of Wallace's founding of Belize in the 1820s, despite lacking primary sources. They further note, 'an extensive search for a buccaneer called 'Wallace,' 'Wallice' or 'Willis' in the 17th century reveals not surprisingly that there was no such person.'

Notes and references

Explanatory footnotes

Short citations

Full citations

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # {{Authority control 17th century in Belize 17th-century pirates Caribbean pirates English pirates