The Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) is the part of the

European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been de ...

's (EU) security and defence policy (CSDP) in which 25 of the 27 national armed forces pursue structural integration (the exceptions being

Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establish ...

and

Malta Malta ( , , ), officially the Republic of Malta ( mt, Repubblika ta' Malta ), is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies ...

). Based on Article 42.6 and Protocol 10 of the

Treaty on European Union The Treaty on European Union (2007) is one of the primary Treaties of the European Union, alongside the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The TEU form the basis of EU law, by setting out general principles of the EU's ...

, introduced by the

Treaty of Lisbon The Treaty of Lisbon (initially known as the Reform Treaty) is an international agreement that amends the two treaties which form the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU). The Treaty of Lisbon, which was signed by the EU member s ...

in 2009, PESCO was first initiated in 2017.Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) - Factsheet
European External Action Service The initial integration within the PESCO format is a number of projects which launched in 2018. Together with the Coordinated Annual Review on Defence (CARD), the

European Defence Fund The European Defence Fund (EDF) is a component of the European Union's (EU) Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) which aims to coordinate and increase national investment in defence research and improve interoperability between national armed ...

and the

Military Planning and Conduct Capability The Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC) is a permanent operational headquarters (OHQ) at the military strategic level for military operations of up to 2500 troops (i.e. the size of one battle group) deployed as part of the Common S ...

(MPCC) it forms a new comprehensive defence package for the EU. PESCO is similar to ''

enhanced co-operation In the European Union (EU), enhanced cooperation (previously known as closer cooperation) is a procedure where a minimum of nine Member state of the European Union, EU member states are allowed to establish advanced European integration, integrat ...

'' in other policy areas, in the sense that integration does not require that all EU member states participate.

History

Pre-activation

PESCO was first written into the European Constitution under Article III-312, which failed ratification, and then into the

of 2009. It added the possibility for those

members Member may refer to: * Military jury, referred to as "Members" in military jargon * Element (mathematics), an object that belongs to a mathematical set * In object-oriented programming, a member of a class ** Field (computer science), entries in ...

whose military capabilities fulfil higher criteria and which have made more binding commitments to one another in this area with a view to the most demanding missions shall establish permanent structured cooperation (PESCO) within the EU framework. PESCO was seen as the way to enable the common defence foreseen in Article 42, but the scepticism towards further integration that had arisen around the rejection of the European Constitution meant its activation was unlikely. It was termed, by

President President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) * President (education), a leader of a college or university * President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ...

Jean-Claude Juncker Jean-Claude Juncker (; born 9 December 1954) is a Luxembourgish politician who served as the 21st Prime Minister of Luxembourg from 1995 to 2013 and 12th President of the European Commission from 2014 to 2019. He also served as Finance Minister ...

, the Lisbon Treaty's "

sleeping beauty ''Sleeping Beauty'' (french: La belle au bois dormant, or ''The Beauty in the Sleeping Forest''; german: Dornröschen, or ''Little Briar Rose''), also titled in English as ''The Sleeping Beauty in the Woods'', is a fairy tale about a princess cu ...

".Time for the Sleeping Beauty to wake
ECFR 15/NOV/17 In the 2010s, the geopolitical landscape around the EU began to change, triggering a series of crises. The Libyan Civil War, the Syrian Civil War and the rise of the

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant An Islamic state is a state that has a form of government based on Islamic law (sharia). As a term, it has been used to describe various historical polities and theories of governance in the Islamic world. As a translation of the Arabic term ...

caused the

European migrant crisis The 2015 European migrant crisis, also known internationally as the Syrian refugee crisis, was a period of significantly increased movement of refugees and migrants into Europe in 2015, when 1.3 million people came to the continent to reques ...

. Russia intervened in Ukraine in 2014, annexing

Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a pop ...

and triggering an ongoing conflict in the country over the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement. In 2016,

Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. Trump graduated from the Wharton School of the University of P ...

who was elected as

President of the United States The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States ...

has been critical of

NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two No ...

allies, even refusing on several occasions to back the mutual defence clause; and the United Kingdom, one of the EU's two largest military powers, voted in a referendum to withdraw from the EU.Angela Merkel: EU cannot completely rely on US and Britain any more
theguardian 28 May 2017 This new environment, while very different from the one PESCO was designed for, gave new impetus to European defence cooperation. The withdrawal of the UK, historically an opponent of that cooperation, gave further hope of success. At a rally in Bavaria, Angela Merkel argued that: “The times in which we could completely depend on others are, to a certain extent, over ... I’ve experienced that in the last few days. We Europeans truly have to take our fate into our own hands.” In late 2016, the EU put defence co-operation on its post-Brexit Bratislava and Rome declarations. There was some disagreement between France and Germany about the nature of PESCO. France foresaw a small but ambitious group with serious capabilities making major practical leaps forward; while Germany, weary of further divisions in the EU, wanted a more inclusive approach that could potentially include all states, regardless of their military capability or willingness to integrate. Further, for Germany, it was about building capabilities and giving a post-Brexit signal of unity, whereas France was focused on operations and looking for help for its overstretched African deployments. Their compromise was to re-imagine PESCO as a process. PESCO would be inclusive, but not all states had to take part in all projects and progress would be phased allowing the development of new, common capabilities without having to resolve larger differences on end-goals first. Further, states would not need to already have capabilities, but merely pledge to work towards them. This allowed France's idea of improving military capabilities without shutting out states who did not already attain the threshold.Can France and Germany Make PESCO Work as a Process Toward EU Defense?
German Marshall Fund 6 October 2017European military cooperation: How to defend Europe?
Euractiv 29 November 2017

Activation

On 7 September 2017, an agreement was made between EU foreign affairs ministers to move forward with PESCO with 10 initial projects. The agreement was signed on 13 November by 23 of the 28 member states. Ireland and Portugal notified the High Representative and the Council of the European Union of their desire to join PESCO on 7 December 2017 and PESCO was activated by the 25 states on 11 December 2017 with the approval of a Council Decision.Defence cooperation: Council establishes Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), with 25 member states participating
Council of the European Union 11 December 2017 Denmark did not participate as (prior to its abolition in July 2022) it had an

opt-out The term opt-out refers to several methods by which individuals can avoid receiving unsolicited product or service information. This option is usually associated with direct marketing campaigns such as e-mail marketing or direct mail. A list of thos ...

from the Common Security and Defence Policy, nor did the United Kingdom, which withdrew from the EU in 2020. Malta opted-out as well, due to concerns it might conflict with its neutrality. As per Article 46 of the TEU, non-participating EU member states can request to join by notifying the Council, which will approve based on a qualified majority of participating member states.

Principles

Those states shall notify their intention to the Council and to the

High Representative The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (HR/VP) is the chief co-ordinator and representative of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) within the European Union (EU). The position is currently held b ...

. The Council then adopts, by

qualified majority A supermajority, supra-majority, qualified majority, or special majority is a requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level of support which is greater than the threshold of more than one-half used for a simple majority. Supermajority ru ...

a decision establishing PESCO and determining the list of participating Member States. Any other member state that fulfills the criteria and wishes to participate can join the PESCO following the same procedure, but in the voting for the decision only the states already part of the PESCO will participate. If a participating state no longer fulfills the criteria a decision suspending its participation is taken by the same procedure as for accepting new participants, but excluding the concerned state from the voting procedure. If a participating state wishes to withdraw from PESCO it just notifies the Council to remove it from the list of participants. All other decisions and recommendations of the Council concerning PESCO issues unrelated to the list of participants require a unanimous vote of the participating states. The criteria established in the PESCO Protocol are the following: * co-operate and harmonise requirements and pool resources in the fields related to defence equipment acquisition, research, funding and utilisation, notably the programmes and initiatives of the

European Defence Agency The European Defence Agency (EDA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) that promotes and facilitates integration between member states within the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The EDA is headed by the High Representative ...

(e.g. Code of Conduct on Defence Procurement) * capacity to supply, either at national level or as a component of multinational force groups, targeted combat units for the missions planned, structured at a

tactical level Military tactics encompasses the art of organizing and employing fighting forces on or near the battlefield. They involve the application of four battlefield functions which are closely related – kinetic or firepower, mobility, protection or se ...

as a battle group, with support elements including transport ( airlift,

sealift Sealift is a term used predominantly in military logistics and refers to the use of cargo ships for the deployment of military assets, such as weaponry, vehicles, military personnel, and supplies. It complements other means of transport, such a ...

) and

logistics Logistics is generally the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation. In a general business sense, logistics manages the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of consumption to meet the requirements of ...

, within a period of five to 30 days, in particular in response to requests from the

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmoniz ...

, and which can be sustained for an initial period of 30 days and be extended up to at least 120 days. * capable of carrying out in the above timeframes the tasks of joint

disarmament Disarmament is the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons. Disarmament generally refers to a country's military or specific type of weaponry. Disarmament is often taken to mean total elimination of weapons of mass destruction, such as ...

operations, humanitarian and

rescue Rescue comprises responsive operations that usually involve the saving of life, or the urgent treatment of injuries after an accident or a dangerous situation. Tools used might include search and rescue dogs, mounted search and rescue ...

tasks, military advice and assistance tasks, conflict prevention and

peace-keeping Peacekeeping comprises activities intended to create conditions that favour lasting peace. Research generally finds that peacekeeping reduces civilian and battlefield deaths, as well as reduces the risk of renewed warfare. Within the United N ...

tasks, tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peace-making and post-conflict stabilisation

Participating armed forces

The following member states have announced their intention of participating in PESCO As per Article 46 of the TEU, the following non-participating EU member states can request to join by notifying the Council, which will approve based on a qualified majority of participating member states: *

, as part of its EU opt-outs, originally did not participate in the common defence policy. However, following the

Russian invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which began in 2014. The invasion has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides. It has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. An ...

in February 2022, the

Danish parliament The Folketing ( da, Folketinget, ; ), also known as the Parliament of Denmark or the Danish Parliament in English, is the unicameral national legislature (parliament) of the Kingdom of Denmark—Denmark proper together with the Faroe Islands an ...

adopted a proposal in favour of the country participating in the Common Security and Defence Policy, including the

and PESCO, on 8 April 2022. Next, Danish voters decided in a 1 June 2022 referendum to end that opt-out, after which the country proceeded to consider participating in PESCO. *

, which wants to see how PESCO develops first since it may violate the Maltese Constitution (Neutrality Clause). As of November 2020, third countries can also participate in PESCO. Canada, Norway, and the United States have applied to participate in the project to improve military mobility in Europe. Norway had been active in past EU military operations. The EU governments will soon decide on the applications in a multi-stage admission process.

Neutral states

PESCO includes four of the five EU states that describe themselves as neutral (Austria, Finland, Ireland, and Sweden), and is designed to be as inclusive as possible by allowing states to opt in or out as their unique foreign policies allow. Some members of the Irish Parliament considered Ireland joining PESCO as an abandonment of neutrality. The measure was passed, with the government arguing that its opt-in nature allowed Ireland to "join elements of PESCO that were beneficial such as counter-terrorism, cyber security and peace keeping ... what we are not going to be doing is buying aircraft carriers and fighter jets." While critics of Ireland's participation point to the commitment to increase defence spending, the government has made clear that the 2% commitment is collective, and not for each state individually. The Irish government has made clear that any defence spending increase by Ireland would be minor. Malta, the only neutral state not to participate, argued that it was going to wait and see how PESCO develops, in order to see whether it would compromise Maltese neutrality. In Switzerland, an opinion poll conducted two months after the

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which began in 2014. The invasion has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides. It has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. ...

showed support for the country joining PESCO.

NATO

About four-fifths of PESCO members are also member states of NATO. One EU state (Denmark) is a member of NATO but not a member of PESCO. While PESCO was formed in part due to doubts over the United States' commitment to NATO, officials stress that PESCO will be complementary to NATO security rather than in competition with it.

NATO Secretary General The secretary general of NATO is the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The officeholder is an international diplomat responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff ...

Jens Stoltenberg also highlighted how

Military Mobility Military Mobility is one of the initial projects launched under the European Union's (EU) Permanent Structured Cooperation in Defence (PESCO) facility. It is commonly termed a "Military Schengen" as it is inspired by the EU's Schengen Area, but d ...

is a key example of NATO and EU co-operation. German defence Minister

Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (; Kramp; born 9 August 1962), sometimes referred to by her initials of AKK, is a retired German politician who served as Minister of Defence from 2019 to 2021 and as Leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from ...

(CDU) described third country participation in PESCO as a “breakthrough”, which also meant an “impulse” for cooperation between the EU and NATO.

Criticism and lobbying by the United States

The United States has voiced concerns and published 'warnings' about PESCO several times, which many analysts believe to be a sign that the United States fears a loss of influence in Europe, as a militarily self-sufficient EU would make NATO increasingly irrelevant. Alongside better military cooperation, PESCO also seeks to enhance the defence industry of member states and create jobs within the EU, which several US politicians have criticised over fears of losing revenue from EU states (on average, the United States sells over €1 billion in weapons to EU countries per year). According to Françoise Grossetête, a member of the

European Parliament The European Parliament (EP) is one of the legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it adopts ...

from 1994 to 2019, the US is lobbying strongly against increased military cooperation between EU member states, going as far as to directly invite MEPs to 'private dinners' to try to convince them to vote against any directives or laws that would seek to strengthen military cooperation within the EU. Despite opposition to PESCO, the United States expressed its desire to participate in the Military Mobility project in 2021. European analysts have suggested that this might pose an attempt to undermine an independent European defence policy from within.

Governance

PESCO has a two-layer structure: * Council Level: Responsible for the overall policy direction and decision-making including as regards the assessment mechanism to determine if Member States are fulfilling their commitments. Only PESCO members are voting, decisions are taken by unanimity (except decisions regarding the suspension of membership and entry of new members which are taken by qualified majority). * Projects Level: Each project will be managed by those member states that contribute to it, in line with general rules for project management to be developed at overarching level.

Secretariat

The European Defence Agency and External Action Service will act as PESCO's secretariat.

Funding

PESCO projects will be incentivised by the

European Commission The European Commission (EC) is the executive of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "Commissioners") headed by a President. It includes an administrative body ...

’s newly established

List of projects

The first PESCO projects started with a list of 50 ideas and was whittled down to provide a short list of small-scale projects. Major armament projects are intended in the future (EU forces use 178 different weapon systems compared to 30 in the US), but initially PESCO is to be focused on smaller operations to lay groundwork. PESCO projects as of February, 2021 and participating countries by category:

Air - Systems

Cyber - C4ISR

{, class="wikitable" !Project name !Abbr. !Coordinator !Project members !Project observer , - , European Secure Software-defined Radio , ESSOR , , , , - , Cyber Threats and Incident Response Information Sharing Platform , CTIRISP , , , - , Cyber Rapid Response Teams , CRRT , , , , - , The Strategic Command and Control System for CSDP Missions , ESC2 , , , , - , European High Atmosphere Airship Platform - ISR Capability , EHAAP , , , , - , SOCC for Small Joint Operations with Special Operations Forces Tactical Command and Control capabilities , SOCC FOR SJO , , , , - , Electronic Warfare Capability/Interoperability Programmer for future ISR , JISR , , , , - , Cyber and Information Domain Coordination Center , CIDCC , , , {{columns-list, * {{Flaglist, Austria * {{Flaglist, Czech Republic * {{Flaglist, Estonia * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Portugal * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Slovak Republic

Enabling - Joint

{, class="wikitable" !Project name !Abbr. !Coordinator !Project members !Project observer , - ,

European Medical Command The Multinational Medical Coordination Centre/European Medical Command (MMCC/EMC) is a medical coordinating centre in support of the European medical services. It is directly subordinated to the German Armed Forces Joint Medical Service Command an ...

, EMC , {{Flaglist, Germany , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, Czech Republic * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Netherlands * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Luxembourg * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Romania * {{Flaglist, Slovakia * {{Flaglist, Sweden , , - , Network of Logistic Hubs in Europe and support to operations , NetLogHubs , {{Flaglist, Germany , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, Bulgaria * {{Flaglist, Croatia * {{Flaglist, Cyprus * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Netherlands * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Lithuania * {{Flaglist, Slovakia * {{Flaglist, Slovenia , , - ,

, MM , {{Flaglist, Netherlands , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Austria * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, Bulgaria * {{Flaglist, Croatia * {{Flaglist, Cyprus * {{Flaglist, Czech Republic * {{Flaglist, Estonia * {{Flaglist, Finland * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Netherlands * {{Flaglist, Luxembourg * {{Flaglist, Latvia * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Portugal * {{Flaglist, Lithuania * {{Flaglist, Romania * {{Flaglist, Slovakia * {{Flaglist, Slovenia * {{Flaglist, Sweden * {{Flaglist, Spain , , - , Energy Operation Function , EOF , {{Flaglist, France , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy , , - , Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Surveillance as a Service , CBRN SaaS , {{Flaglist, Austria , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Austria * {{Flaglist, Croatia * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Slovenia , , - , Co-Basing , , {{Flaglist, France , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, Czech Republic * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Netherlands , , - , Geo-Meteorological and Oceanographic Support Coordination Element , GEOMETOC GMSCE , {{Flaglist, Germany , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Austria * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Portugal * {{Flaglist, Romania , , - , Timely Warning and Interception with Space-based Theater Surveillance , TWISTER , {{Flaglist, France , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Finland * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Netherlands * {{Flaglist, Spain , , - , Materials and Components for Technological EU Competitiveness , MAC-EU , {{Flaglist, France , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Portugal * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Romania * {{Flaglist, Spain , , - , EU Collaborative Warfare Capabilities , ECOWAR , {{Flaglist, France , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Romania * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Sweden , , - , European Global RPAS Insertion Architecture System , GLORIA , {{Flaglist, Italy , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Romania ,

Land - Formations - Systems

{, class="wikitable" !Project name !Abbr. !Coordinator !Project members !Project observer , - , Deployable Military Disaster Relief Capability Package , DM-DRCP , {{Flaglist, Italy , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Croatia * {{Flaglist, Austria * {{Flaglist, Italy , , - , Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicle / Amphibious Assault Vehicle / Light Armoured Vehicle , AIFV/AAV/LAV , {{Flaglist, Italy , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Slovakia * {{Flaglist, Italy , , - , Indirect Fire Support Capability , EUROARTILLERY , {{Flaglist, Slovakia , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Slovakia * {{Flaglist, Italy , , - , Crisis Response Operation Core , EUFOR CROC , {{Flaglist, Germany , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Cyprus * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Spain , , - ,

Integrated Unmanned Ground System Integration may refer to: Biology *Multisensory integration *Path integration * Pre-integration complex, viral genetic material used to insert a viral genome into a host genome *DNA integration, by means of site-specific recombinase technology, ...

, UGS , {{Flaglist, Estonia , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, Czech Republic * {{Flaglist, Estonia * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Finland * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Latvia * {{Flaglist, Netherlands * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Spain , , - , EU Beyond Line of Sight Land Battlefield Missile Systems , EU BLOS , {{Flaglist, France , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, Cyprus * {{Flaglist, France ,

Maritime

{, class="wikitable" !Project name !Abbr. !Coordinator !Project member !Project observer , - , Maritime Semi-Autonomous Systems for Mine Countermeasures , MAS MCM , {{Flaglist, Belgium , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Latvia * {{Flaglist, Netherlands * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Portugal * {{Flaglist, Romania , , - , Harbour & Maritime Surveillance and Protection , HARMSPRO , {{Flaglist, Italy , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Portugal , , - , Upgrade of Maritime Surveillance , UMS , {{Flaglist, Greece , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Croatia * {{Flaglist, Cyprus * {{Flaglist, Bulgaria * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Ireland , , - , Deployable Modular Underwater Intervention Capability Package , DIVEPACK , {{Flaglist, Bulgaria , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Bulgaria * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Romania , , - , Maritime Unmanned Anti-Submarine System , MUSAS , {{Flaglist, Portugal , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Portugal * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Sweden , , - , European Patrol Corvette , EPC , {{Flaglist, Italy , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Italy ,

Space

{, class="wikitable" !Project name !Abbr. !Coordinator !Project members !Project observer , - , EU Radio Navigation Solution , EURAS , {{Flaglist, France , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Belgium * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Poland , , - , European Military Space Surveillance Awareness Network , EU-SSA-N , {{Flaglist, Italy , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Netherlands * {{Flaglist, Italy ,

Training - Facilities

{, class="wikitable" !Project name !Abbr. !Coordinator !Project members !Project observer , - , European Union Training Mission Competence Centre , EU TMCC , {{Flaglist, Germany , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Austria * {{Flaglist, Czech Republic * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Spain * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Ireland * {{Flaglist, Netherlands * {{Flaglist, Romania * {{Flaglist, Sweden * {{Flaglist, Luxembourg , , - , European Training Certification Centre for European Armies , ETCCEA , {{Flaglist, Italy , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Italy , , - , Helicopter Hot and High Training , H3 TRAINING , {{Flaglist, Greece , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Romania , , - , Joint EU Intelligence School , JEIS , {{Flaglist, Greece , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Greece * {{Flaglist, Cyprus , , - , EU Test and Evaluation Centres , EUTEC , {{Flaglist, France {{Flaglist, Sweden , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Sweden * {{Flaglist, Slovakia , , - , Integrated European Joint Training and Simulation Centre , EUROSIM , {{Flaglist, Hungary , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Germany * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Poland * {{Flaglist, Slovenia , , - , EU Cyber Academia and Innovation Hub , EU CAIH , {{Flaglist, Portugal , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Portugal * {{Flaglist, Spain , , - , Special Operations Forces Medical Training Centre , SMTC , {{Flaglist, Poland , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Hungary * {{Flaglist, Poland , , - , CBRN Defence Training Range , CBRNDTR , {{Flaglist, Romania , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Italy * {{Flaglist, Romania , , - , EU Network of Diving Centres , EUNDC , {{Flaglist, Romania , {{columns-list, colwidth=10em, style=width: 600px;, * {{Flaglist, Bulgaria * {{Flaglist, France * {{Flaglist, Romania ,

Potential

{{Further, Military of the European Union#Intergovernmental cooperation Potential future PESCO projects include the following existing intergovernmental cooperations between member states' militaries, presently outside the CSDP framework:{{Citation needed, reason=Any official source saying these will or may be absorbed?, date=December 2017 Forces and command centres: * European Corps *

European Gendarmerie Force The European Gendarmerie Force (EUROGENDFOR) is an operational, pre-organised, and rapidly deployable intervention force, exclusively comprising elements of several European police forces with military status of the Parties in order to perform all ...

European Air Transport Command The European Air Transport Command (EATC) is the command centre that exercises the operational control of the majority of the aerial refueling capabilities and military transport fleets of a consortium of seven European Union (EU) member states. ...

* European Maritime Force *

Movement Coordination Centre Europe The Movement Coordination Centre Europe (MCCE) is a multinational military movement brokerage centre located on the Eindhoven Airbase at Eindhoven Airport in the Netherlands. Its 29 member states are predominantly drawn from NATO and the Europ ...

Bodies fostering integration: *

European Air Group The European Air Group (EAG) is an independent defence organisation, formed by the Air Forces of its seven member states: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom. The EAG is focused on improving interoperabilit ...

* Finabel * Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation *

European Personnel Recovery Centre The European Personnel Recovery Centre (EPRC) is an intergovernmental military organisation that contributes to the development and harmonisation of policies and standards related to personnel recovery. The ERPC also provides support for education, ...

References

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External links

*{{Official, https://pesco.europa.eu/
Joint notification by member states to the High Representative and to the Council on PESCO, 13 November 2017Permanent Structured Cooperation: what’s in a name?

European Union Institute for Security Studies The European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) is a Paris-based agency of the European Union (EU) within the realm of Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The EUISS is an autonomous agency with full intellectual freedom and res ...

Description by the European CommissionFactsheetDescription by the European External Action ServiceETH Zurich description
{{Common Security and Defence Policy es:Cooperación estructurada permanente