The Enhanced Spelling of the Indonesian Language ( id, Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan, EYD) is the spelling system used for the

Indonesian language Indonesian ( ) is the official language, official and national language of Indonesia. It is a standard language, standardized variety (linguistics), variety of Malay language, Malay, an Austronesian languages, Austronesian language that has be ...

History

The Enhanced Spelling of the Indonesian Language ( id, Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan, EYD) is the spelling system used for the

. The system is an orthography released in 1972 to replace the

Republican Spelling System The Republican Spelling System (in Indonesian: , when written in the current spelling system, or , when written in this spelling system) or Soewandi Spelling (in Indonesian: ) was the orthography used for Indonesian from 17 March 1947 until 1972 ...

(''RSS'', also called the Soewandi Spelling System, ''SSS''). A joint initiative of Indonesia and neighboring country

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federal constitutional monarchy consists of thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Malays ...

(which also introduced the similar Joint Rumi Spelling system), the aim of the change in 1972 was to introduce greater harmonization of the Indonesian and Malay-language orthographies. The adoption of the new EYD system, to begin on the 27th anniversary of Indonesia's independence on 17 August 1972, was decreed by President

Suharto Suharto (; ; 8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian Army, Indonesian army officer and politician, who served as the second and the longest serving president of Indonesia. Widely regarded as a Dictatorship, military dictator by inte ...

on the previous day. Government departments were instructed to begin using the EYD system on 1 January 1973. On 27 August 1975, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a decree which provided a detailed explanation of the changes proposed in the new system and marked the official use of EYD system. It was formerly known as the Indonesian Spelling System ( id, Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia, EBI), often referred to as the Indonesian Spelling System General Guidelines ( id, Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia, PUEBI), between 2015 and 2022.

Characteristics

Republican-to-EYD letter changes

Foreign loan letters

Letters that had previously been included in the Republican Spelling as foreign loan letters are officially used in the EYD Spelling.

Q and X

The letters Q and X are used in scientific subjects. Examples: * Sinar-X (X-ray) The letter Q is also used as needed for Islamic subjects. Examples: * Quran * Al-Furqan * Al-Baqarah

Affixes and prepositions

The writing of ''di-'' and ''ke-'' (affixes) can be distinguished from ''di'' and ''ke'' (prepositions), where ''di-'' and ''ke-'' are written together with the words that follow it, for example ''diambil'', ''kehendak'' (is being taken, desire), while ''di'' and ''ke'' are written separately with the words that follow it, for example ''di rumah'', ''ke pasar'' (at home, to the market). This is different from the former Republican Spelling, where both ''di-'' and ''di'' are written together with the words following it.

Reduplication

Reduplication In linguistics, reduplication is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change. The classic observation on the semantics of reduplication is Edwar ...

, mostly used in plural form of words, has to be fully written with letters, so the use of the number "2" as used in the Republican Spelling is no longer valid. The practice remains common in informal usage such as in text messaging.

Changes

Various minor changes were announced after 1975: * On 9 September 1987, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a ministerial decree which updated the previous spelling system and which remained valid for 22 years. * On 31 July 2009, the Minister of National Education issued a decree outlining further changes. The update included optional diacritics for ⟨e⟩ as ⟨é⟩ e.html"_;"title="Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.html"_;"title="nowiki/>Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel">e">Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.html"_;"title="nowiki/>Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel">eand_⟨e⟩_[Mid_central_vowel.html" ;"title="Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel">e.html" ;"title="Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e">Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eand ⟨e⟩ [Mid central vowel">ə]. * On 26 November 2015, the Minister of Education and Culture issue a ministerial regulation about spelling system. For the first time, the term "Indonesian spelling system" was used; previously the term used was "Enhanced Spelling of the Indonesian Language". There were only minor changes compared to previous updates including the addition of a new

diphthong A diphthong ( ; , ), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech ...

of ⟨ei⟩ (previously there were only 3 diphthongs, ⟨ai⟩, ⟨au⟩ and ⟨oi⟩), optional diacritics for ⟨e⟩ as ⟨é⟩ e.html"_;"title="Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.html"_;"title="nowiki/>Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel">e">Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.html"_;"title="nowiki/>Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel">e_⟨è⟩_[Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.html" ;"title="Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel">e.html" ;"title="Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e">Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e ⟨è⟩ [Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ], and ⟨ê⟩ [Mid central vowel, ə], and new rules on the usage of bold letters (abolishment the usage of bold letter for lemma entries in dictionary). * On 16 August 2022, in time for the spelling system's fiftieth anniversary, new update for the spelling system was issued. It restored the "Enhanced Spelling of the Indonesian Language" term. Like the previous update, it also introduced minor changes: among others, it introduced the

monophthong A monophthong ( ; , ) is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation. The monophthongs can be contrasted with diphthongs, wh ...

⟨eu⟩ ɘ.html" ;"title="Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel.html" ;"title="nowiki/> ɘ">Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel.html"_;"title="nowiki/>Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel">ɘ_reaffirming_the_use_of_optional__diacritics_⟨ê⟩_[Mid_central_vowel.html" ;"title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ">Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ reaffirming the use of optional diacritics ⟨ê⟩ [Mid central vowel">ə], and limited the use of Numeral (linguistics), number words to singular numbers.

References

External links

{{Url, https://ejaan.kemdikbud.go.id/, Official website for the fifth edition of EYD Indonesian language Spelling reform