Pepin or Pippin (or ''Pepin Carloman'', ''Pepinno'', April 777 – 8 July 810), born Carloman, was the son of
Charlemagne
Charlemagne ( , ) or Charles the Great ( la, Carolus Magnus; german: Karl der Große; 2 April 747 – 28 January 814), a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and the first E ...
and
King of the Lombards
The Kings of the Lombards or ''reges Langobardorum'' (singular ''rex Langobardorum'') were the monarchs of the Lombard people from the early 6th century until the Lombardic identity became lost in the 9th and 10th centuries. After 568, the Lomba ...
(781–810) under the authority of his father.
Pepin was the second son of
Charlemagne
Charlemagne ( , ) or Charles the Great ( la, Carolus Magnus; german: Karl der Große; 2 April 747 – 28 January 814), a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and the first E ...
by his then-wife
Hildegard. He was born Carloman, but was rechristened with the royal name Pepin (also the name of his older half-brother
Pepin the Hunchback, and his grandfather
Pepin the Short) when he was a young child. He was made "king of Italy" after his father's conquest of the
Lombards
The Lombards () or Langobards ( la, Langobardi) were a Germanic people who ruled most of the Italian Peninsula from 568 to 774.
The medieval Lombard historian Paul the Deacon wrote in the ''History of the Lombards'' (written between 787 an ...
, in 781, and crowned by
Pope Hadrian I with the
Iron Crown of Lombardy.
He was active as ruler of Lombardy and worked to expand the Frankish empire. In 791, he marched a Lombard army into the
Drava valley and ravaged
Pannonia, while his father marched along the
Danube
The Danube ( ; ) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for , pa ...
into
Avar territory. Charlemagne left the campaigning to deal with a
Saxon revolt in 792. Pepin and Duke
Eric of Friuli continued, however, to assault the Avars' ring-shaped strongholds. The great Ring of the Avars, their capital fortress, was taken twice. The spoils were sent to Charlemagne in
Aachen
Aachen ( ; ; Aachen dialect: ''Oche'' ; French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle; or ''Aquisgranum''; nl, Aken ; Polish: Akwizgran) is, with around 249,000 inhabitants, the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, and the 28th ...
and redistributed to all his followers and even to foreign rulers, including King
Offa of Mercia
Offa (died 29 July 796 AD) was King of Mercia, a kingdom of Anglo-Saxon England, from 757 until his death. The son of Thingfrith and a descendant of Eowa, Offa came to the throne after a period of civil war following the assassination of Æth ...
. A celebratory poem, ''
De Pippini regis Victoria Avarica'', was composed after Pepin forced the Avar khagan to submit in 796. This poem was composed at
Verona
Verona ( , ; vec, Verona or ) is a city on the Adige River in Veneto, Italy, with 258,031 inhabitants. It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region. It is the largest city municipality in the region and the second largest in nor ...
, Pepin's capital after 799 and the centre of
Carolingian Renaissance literature in Italy. The ''
Versus de Verona'' (c. 800), an urban encomium of the city, likewise praises king Pepin. The ''
Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani'' hails Pepin's campaign against Benevento and his liberation of Corsica "from the oppression of the Moors."
His activities included a long, but unsuccessful siege of
Venice
Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 ...
in 810. The siege lasted six months and Pepin's army was ravaged by the diseases of the local swamps and was forced to withdraw. A few months later Pepin died, on 8 July 810.
Family
The issue of Pepin's relationships is not entirely clear. A litany of ''Liber confrater augiensis'' attributes to him as his wife a certain Chrotais (or Ruadheid), married shortly before 796,. However, the ''Vita Hludowici'' written by
Thegan of Trier around 840 says that King
Bernard of Italy was born of a concubine (''ex concubina natus''), an affirmation reinforced by a litany of St. Gallen placing Bernard in a list of Carolingians of illegitimate birth.
We do not know the origin of Chrotais but her name, that of Bernard of Italy and the fact that
Adalard of Corbie and his half-brother Wala are then the protectors of Bernard of Italy suggests a close relationship between Chrotais and these. This hypothesis is reinforced by the fact that the first names of Bernard, Gundrada and Theodrada are found in the brothers and sisters of Wala and Adalard. Only, it is chronologically improbable that Chrotais is daughter of Wala, impossible that it is daughter of a brother or sister of Wala, who were too young, and the ''Vita Adalhardiis'' formal about the fact that Bernard had only five children. It remains as an explanation that the wife of Pepin is a grand-niece of his namesake, the third wife of Charles Martel.
[Settipani 1993 , p. 212.]
Besides his son
Bernard, Pepin had five daughters:
Adelaide
Adelaide ( ) is the capital city of South Australia, the state's largest city and the fifth-most populous city in Australia. "Adelaide" may refer to either Greater Adelaide (including the Adelaide Hills) or the Adelaide city centre. The dem ...
, who married
Lambert I of Nantes; Atala; Gundrada; Bertha; and Tetrada, who married Adelaide's stepson,
Lambert II of Nantes. All of whom but the eldest were born between 800 and Pepin's death. All except Adelaide and Tetrada died before their grandfather's death in 814. Pepin was expected to inherit a third of his father's empire, but he predeceased him. The Lombard crown passed on to his illegitimate son Bernard, but the empire went to Pepin's younger brother,
Louis the Pious
Louis the Pious (german: Ludwig der Fromme; french: Louis le Pieux; 16 April 778 – 20 June 840), also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was King of the Franks and co-emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813. He was also King of Aqu ...
.
Notes
{{Authority control
777 births
810 deaths
8th-century Lombard monarchs
9th-century Lombard monarchs
Rulers of the Carolingian Empire
Frankish warriors
9th-century Frankish monarchs
Children of Charlemagne
8th-century Frankish kings
Sons of emperors