Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Leiva, 1st Marquis of Mancera (c. 1585–1654), was a Spanish nobleman, general, colonial administrator, and diplomat. He served as Captain General of Galicia and

Viceroy of Peru The viceroys of Peru ruled the Viceroyalty of Peru from 1544 to 1824 in the name of the monarch of Spain. The territories under ''de jure'' rule by the viceroys included in the 16th and 17th century almost all of South America except eastern Braz ...

from December 18, 1639 to September 20, 1648.

Early life

Pedro de Toledo was the son of Don Luis de Toledo, 4th Lord of Mancera, and of his second wife Isabel de Leiva. He served with the Spanish armies in Italy, rising to the rank of lieutenant general in the royal galleys of Sicily. King

Philip IV of Spain Philip IV ( es, Felipe, pt, Filipe; 8 April 160517 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: ''Rey Planeta''), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Philip is remembered ...

raised his title from Lord to Marquis of Mancera in 1623. Thereafter he served eight years as governor and Captain General of Galicia.

Viceroy of Peru

Pedro de Toledo was named the 15th

in 1639, at the age of 54. He traveled to the

Viceroyalty of Peru The Viceroyalty of Peru ( es, Virreinato del Perú, links=no) was a Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in South America, governed fro ...

with his son Antonio Sebastián de Toledo, who later became the

Viceroy of New Spain The following is a list of Viceroys of New Spain. In addition to viceroys, the following lists the highest Spanish governors of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, before the appointment of the first viceroy or when the office of viceroy was vacant. ...

(1664–73) and 2nd Marquis of Mancera. As viceroy, Pedro de Toledo introduced the ''papel sellado'' (literally, ''sealed paper''). He expanded the naval forces and fortified the ports of

Valdivia Valdivia (; Mapuche: Ainil) is a city and commune in southern Chile, administered by the Municipality of Valdivia. The city is named after its founder Pedro de Valdivia and is located at the confluence of the Calle-Calle, Valdivia, and Cau-Cau R ...

Valparaíso Valparaíso (; ) is a major city, seaport, naval base, and educational centre in the commune of Valparaíso, Chile. "Greater Valparaíso" is the second largest metropolitan area in the country. Valparaíso is located about northwest of Santiago ...

Arica Arica ( ; ) is a commune and a port city with a population of 222,619 in the Arica Province of northern Chile's Arica y Parinacota Region. It is Chile's northernmost city, being located only south of the border with Peru. The city is the capita ...

and Callao. In Callao he ordered the construction of a long defensive wall, which was completed in 1647. Isla Mancera, an island at the mouth of the

Valdivia River The Valdivia River or Río Valdivia, as it is known locally, is a major river in southern Chile. It is the continuation of the Calle-Calle River, from the point where it meets the Cau-Cau River in the city of Valdivia. The Valdivia river ends in ...

, is named after him. He organized literary discussion parties, ''

tertulia A tertulia (, ; pt, tertúlia ; ca, tertúlia ) is a social gathering with literary or artistic overtones, especially in Iberian Peninsula, Iberia or in Spanish America. Tertulia also means an informal meeting of people to talk about current affa ...

s'' a formalized kind of official salon. In these was introduced the ''mancerina'', a ceramic or silver saucer with a framework for holding a ''jícara'', or chocolate cup.See

zarf A zarf (plural: zarfs, zarves; tr, zarflar; Arabic: ) is a holder, usually of ornamental metal, for a coffee cup without a handle (demitasse or fincan). History Although coffee was probably discovered in Ethiopia, it was in Turkey around the ...

. The manufacture of ''mancerinas'' later became an industry in the Spanish towns of

Manises Manises (, ) is a municipality in the ''comarca'' of Horta Oest in the Valencian Community, Spain. Located in the province of Valencia, it had 30,693 inhabitants in 2018 (NSI) and is famous for its pottery and being the location of Valencia Airp ...

and Talavera. At the end of his term as viceroy, Pedro de Toledo returned to Spain. He died in Madrid in 1654.

Descendants

Pedro de Toledo was married first to Luisa Feijóo de Novoa y Zamudio, with whom he had one daughter. In 1621 he married for a second time with María Luisa de Salazar y Enríquez de Navarra, 3rd Lady of El Mármol, with whom he had another two children. By Luisa Feijóo de Novoa: * Francisca María de Toledo, 2nd Marchioness of Belvis, married Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 2nd Count of Gondomar :* Pedro Sarmiento, 3rd Marquis of Mancera By María Luisa de Salazar: * Antonio Sebastián Álvarez de Toledo, 2nd Marquis of Mancera * Antonia María de Toledo, married Pedro Garcés, 14th Count of Priego

Ancestry

Additional information

Notes

Sources

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External links

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Short biography
from Encarta * �

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—''information + photos''. {{DEFAULTSORT:Toledo, Pedro de Spanish generals Spanish diplomats Captain Generals of Galicia Viceroys of Peru 1580s births 1654 deaths 17th-century Peruvian people Pedro 01 Knights of the Order of Alcántara Pedro 01 1630s in Peru 1640s in Peru