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Pavel Kravař (c. 1391 – 23 July 1433), or Paul Crawar, Paul Craw, was a
St Andrews and Central and Eastern EuropeCzech Ambassador's Tribute to Fellow Countryman
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kravar, Pavel 1391 births 1433 deaths People from Kravaře Hussite martyrs People executed for heresy Executed Czech people People executed by Stuart Scotland People executed by the Kingdom of Scotland by burning Protestant martyrs of Scotland 14th-century Bohemian people 15th-century Bohemian people 14th-century Protestants Czech evangelicals
Pavel Kravař (c. 1391 – 23 July 1433), or Paul Crawar, Paul Craw, was a Hussite
The Hussites ( cs, Husité or ''Kališníci''; "Chalice People") were a Czech proto-Protestant Christian movement that followed the teachings of reformer Jan Hus, who became the best known representative of the Bohemian Reformation.
The Hussit ...
emissary from Bohemia
Bohemia ( ; cs, Čechy ; ; hsb, Čěska; szl, Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. Bohemia can also refer to a wider area consisting of the historical Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by the Bohem ...
who was burned at the stake for heresy at St Andrews
St Andrews ( la, S. Andrea(s); sco, Saunt Aundraes; gd, Cill Rìmhinn) is a town on the east coast of Fife in Scotland, southeast of Dundee and northeast of Edinburgh. St Andrews had a recorded population of 16,800 , making it Fife's fou ...
in Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
on 23 July 1433. He was the first of a succession of religious reformers who were martyred in the town during the course of the subsequent Protestant Reformation. (The others being: Patrick Hamilton (martyr), Patrick Hamilton in 1528, Henry Forrest (martyr), Henry Forest in 1533, George Wishart in 1546, and Walter Myln in 1558).
Life
Pavel Kravař was probably a native of Kravaře, Opava District, Silesia (then Moravia), now part of the Czech Republic. After studying medicine at the University of Montpellier, he graduated as Master of Arts from the University of Paris in 1415. The following year, he entered the Faculty of Arts at the Charles University in Prague, University of Prague, then a hotbed of Hussite activity. Around 1421, with the university now in decline, Pavel Kravař left Prague to become a physician in the service of the Polish King, Władysław II Jagiełło. He probably returned to the Bohemian capital in 1432 prior to undertaking his ill-fated mission to Scotland. His journey to St Andrews, at the time the ecclesiastical centre of Scotland and the location of its only University of St Andrews, university, was most likely made in a vain attempt to gain allies, hopefully amongst Lollard sympathisers, for the Hussite cause at the Council of Basel, at which reconciliation was sought between the Hussites and the Catholic Church. Pavel Kravař's activities in St Andrews evidently met with the displeasure of the authorities there, particularly Henry Wardlaw, Bishop of St Andrews, who accused him of spreading the heretical ideas of Jan Hus and John Wyclif. At his trial he defended himself with skill and courage, but was nevertheless condemned and died, according to John Knox, with a brass ball stuffed in his mouth to prevent him addressing the people. Pavel Kravař's execution is believed to have taken place at the centre of the market square in St Andrews, close to the former location of the Mercat Cross which is now marked with a cross of red stones set into the cobbled surface of the roadway. A memorial plaque, with an inscription in English and Czech languages, is located on a building nearby.See also
*List of Protestant martyrs of the Scottish ReformationReferences
* Vyšný, Paul, "A Hussite in Scotland: The Mission of Pavel Kravař to St Andrews in 1433", ''The Scottish Historical Review'', vol. lxxxii, April 2003, pp. 1–19.Further reading
* Moonan, Lawrence, "Pavel Kravar and some writings once attributed to him", ''Innes Review'', Vol. 27 (1976), pp. 3–23 * Spinka, Matthew, "Paul Kravař and the Lollard-Hussite Relations", in ''Church History'', Vol. 25, No. 1. (Mar., 1956), pp. 16–26.External links
St Andrews and Central and Eastern Europe
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kravar, Pavel 1391 births 1433 deaths People from Kravaře Hussite martyrs People executed for heresy Executed Czech people People executed by Stuart Scotland People executed by the Kingdom of Scotland by burning Protestant martyrs of Scotland 14th-century Bohemian people 15th-century Bohemian people 14th-century Protestants Czech evangelicals