Patent Nut and Bolt Company

Arthur Keen (23 January 1835 – 8 February 1915) was a British entrepreneur, the ''Keen'' in engineering firm Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds, later GKN plc.

Early years

His early years are uncertain but he was born in Cheshire, perhaps near Northwich, the son of a farmer. His early education seems to have been meagre before he joined the London and North Western Railway, probably in some clerical capacity. Somewhere around 1855, he was appointed a goods agent for the railway and relocated to Smethwick where his job led to a network of industrial contacts including Thomas Astbury (1810–1862) who introduced him to Francis Watkins. In 1858, Keen married Astbury's daughter, Hannah. The couple were to go on to parent ten children in half a century of family life in Edgbaston.Smith (2004)

Industrialist

Watkins was trying to market his patent nut-making machine in England and Keen saw the potential of the business. The firm of ''Watkins and Keen'' was established with capital from Astbury. The firm prospered and in 1864 was launched as a limited company, Watkins retiring a few years later. Keen continued to expand the business through a series of astute mergers and acquisitions. Keen's objective was to establish himself as the market leader in fasteners through aggressive pricing and economies of scale.

Though he modelled his approach on that of another Birmingham firm, ''Nettlefold and Chamberlain'', he achieved less success, possibly being less ruthless and embedded in a more complicated market segment.

In 1899, Keen bought the Dowlais Iron Company for £1.5 million from Ivor Bertie Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne, forming ''Guest, Keen & Co.'' (''GK''). At this point, Keen's facility for takeover seems to have faltered with a series of aborted mergers, including one proposed with United States Steel Corporation. However, in 1902, he completed a merger with the neighbouring business of Nettlefolds Limited to create ''Guest, Keen and Nettlefold'' (''GKN'').

GKN was an enormously profitable business and Keen was held in high regard. Much of the business's profitability stemmed from a successful policy of price maintenance through the ''Birmingham Alliance'' that he forged with trade unionist Richard Juggins and which was realised in the midland iron and steel wages board. He became a director of the Birmingham and Midland Bank in 1880 and led the series of mergers that established it as the London, City, and Midland Bank.

Public life

Keen made extensive contributions to civil society's first aldermen and work with Joseph Chamberlain on the foundation of the University of Birmingham.

Though a Liberal, he opposed home rule and was active in the Liberal Unionist cause. He supported Chamberlain's tariff reforms and served as part of the iron and steel commission. Though called upon, he declined to stand for Parliament.

Honours

*Vice-president Iron and Steel Institute, (1895–1915);
*Vice-president Institution of Mechanical Engineers, (1897–1911).

References

Bibliography

*Obituary:
**''Birmingham Daily Post'', February 9, 1915
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*Jones, E (1987) ''A History of GKN Volume 1: Innovation and Enterprise 1759–1918''
*Smith, B.D.M. (2004)
Keen, Arthur (1835–1915)
, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, accessed 20 June 2005

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keen, Arthur
1835 births
1915 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) politicians
Members of Staffordshire County Council
19th-century English businesspeople