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Parliamentary privilege is a legal immunity enjoyed by members of certain
legislature A legislature is an assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. They are often contrasted with the executive and judicial powers of government. Laws enacted by legislatures are usually known ...
s, in which legislators are granted protection against civil or criminal liability for actions done or statements made in the course of their legislative duties. It is common in countries whose
constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed. When these pr ...
s are based on the Westminster system.


Origins

In the United Kingdom, it allows members of the
House of Lords The House of Lords, also known as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Membership is by appointment, heredity or official function. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminst ...
and House of Commons to speak freely during ordinary parliamentary proceedings without fear of legal action on the grounds of slander, contempt of court or breaching the Official Secrets Act. It also means that
members of Parliament A member of parliament (MP) is the representative in parliament of the people who live in their electoral district. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, this term refers only to members of the lower house since upper house members of ...
cannot be arrested on civil matters for statements made or acts undertaken as an MP within the grounds of the Palace of Westminster, on the condition that such statements or acts occur as part of a ''proceeding in Parliament''—for example, as a question to the Prime Minister in the House of Commons. This allows Members to raise questions or debate issues which could slander an individual, interfere with an ongoing court case or threaten to reveal state secrets, such as in the
Zircon affair The Zircon affair was an incident in 1986 and 1987 caused by the planned broadcast on the BBC of a television programme about the ultimately cancelled Zircon signals intelligence satellite, as part of the six-part ''Secret Society'' series. It ...
or several cases mentioned by the Labour MP Tam Dalyell. There is no immunity from arrest on criminal grounds, nor does the civil privilege entirely extend to the devolved administrations in Scotland or Wales. A consequence of the privilege of free speech is that legislators in Westminster systems are forbidden by conventions of their House from uttering certain words, or implying that another member is lying. (See
unparliamentary language Parliaments and legislative bodies around the world impose certain rules and standards during debates. Tradition has evolved that there are words or phrases that are deemed inappropriate for use in the legislature whilst it is in session. In a ...
.) The rights and privileges of members are overseen by the powerful Committee on Standards and Privileges. If a member of the House is in breach of the rules then he/she can be suspended or even expelled from the House. Such past breaches have included giving false evidence before a committee of the House and the taking of bribes by members. Similar rights apply in other Westminster system countries such as Canada and Australia. In the United States, the Speech or Debate Clause in Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a similar privilege, and many state constitutions provide similar clauses for their state legislatures. Parliamentary privilege is controversial because of its potential for abuse; a member can use privilege to make damaging allegations that would ordinarily be discouraged by defamation laws, whether or not those allegations have a strong foundation. A member could, even more seriously, undermine national security and/or the safety of an ongoing military or covert operation or undermine relations with a foreign state by releasing sensitive military or diplomatic information.


United Kingdom

The ancient and undoubted rights and privileges of the Commons are claimed by the
Speaker Speaker may refer to: Society and politics * Speaker (politics), the presiding officer in a legislative assembly * Public speaker, one who gives a speech or lecture * A person producing speech: the producer of a given utterance, especially: ** In ...
at the beginning of each new Parliament. The privileges are only codified in '' Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice'' and the House itself is the only judge of its own privileges. Most of those specifically claimed are practically obsolete, but others remain very real: # Freedom of speech; (members speaking in the House are not liable for defamation) # Freedom from
arrest An arrest is the act of apprehending and taking a person into custody (legal protection or control), usually because the person has been suspected of or observed committing a crime. After being taken into custody, the person can be questi ...
in civil matters (practically obsolete); # Access of the Commons to
the Crown The Crown is the state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their subdivisions (such as the Crown Dependencies, overseas territories, provinces, or states). Legally ill-defined, the term has differ ...
(via the Speaker); and # That ''the most favourable construction should be placed upon the deliberations of the Commons.'' Privileges not specifically mentioned: # Right of the House to regulate its own composition; (although election petitions are now determined by the ordinary Courts) # Right of the House to regulate its own internal proceedings, both as to matters and procedures; # Right to punish members and "
strangers A stranger is a person who is unknown to another person or group. Because of this unknown status, a stranger may be perceived as a threat until their identity and character can be ascertained. Different classes of strangers have been identified f ...
" for breach of privilege and contempt; # Right of freedom from interference (although members are no longer immune from all civil actions)


Parliamentary papers

There is an absolute
common law In law, common law (also known as judicial precedent, judge-made law, or case law) is the body of law created by judges and similar quasi-judicial tribunals by virtue of being stated in written opinions."The common law is not a brooding omniprese ...
privilege for papers circulated among MPs by order of the House (''Lake v. King'' (1667) 1 Saunders 131). This is extended to all papers published under the House's authority, and to correct copies by the Parliamentary Papers Act 1840. The Act also extends qualified privilege to extracts.


Select committees

In addition to applying to members' speech within the chamber, parliamentary privilege also applies to select committees. Written and oral evidence given to, and published by these committees is also subject to the same absolute privilege as parliamentary papers. This means that any evidence given by a witness to a select committee may not be used against them or any other person in a court of law, whether for civil or criminal proceedings. This privilege only applies, however, if the committee has formally accepted it as evidence and does not apply to materials published before they were given to the committee.


In Canada

In Canada, the Senate and House of Commons and provincial legislative assemblies follow the definition of parliamentary privilege offered by the British parliamentary authority, ''Erskine May's Treatise on The Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament'', which defines parliamentary privilege as "the sum of the peculiar rights enjoyed by each House collectively as a constituent part of the High Court of Parliament, and by Members of each house individually, without which they could not discharge their function... the privileges of Parliament are rights which are absolutely necessary for the due execution of its powers. They are enjoyed by individual Members, because the House cannot perform its functions without unimpeded use of the service of its Members, and by each House for the protection of its members and the vindication of its own authority and dignity." Parliamentary privilege can therefore be claimed by Members individually or by the House collectively. The rule for when parliamentary privilege applies is that it cannot exceed the powers, privileges and immunities of the imperial parliament as it stood in 1867, when the first constitution was written. Individual parliamentary privileges include: # Freedom of speech # Freedom from arrest in civil action # Exemption from jury duty # Exemption from appearing as a witness # Freedom from obstruction, interference, intimidation and molestation Collective parliamentary privileges include: # Power to discipline # Regulation of the House's internal affairs # Management of employees # Authority to maintain the attendance and service of Members # Right to institute inquiries and to call witnesses and demand papers # Right to administer oaths to witnesses # Right to publish papers containing defamatory material The
Supreme Court of Canada The Supreme Court of Canada (SCC; french: Cour suprême du Canada, CSC) is the Supreme court, highest court in the Court system of Canada, judicial system of Canada. It comprises List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada, nine justices, wh ...
has previously dealt with the question of parliamentary privilege in ''
New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly) ''New Brunswick Broadcasting Co v Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly)'' is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision wherein the court has ruled that parliamentary privilege is a part of the unwritten convention in the Constitution of ...
''. In that case, the Court made these observations about parliamentary privilege: Recent cases of parliamentary privilege in Canada adjudicated by the courts include: # 1993: ''New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly)'', where the courts held parliament could restrict who could enter the parliamentary precincts. # 1999: ''Zundel v. Boudria, et al.'', where the courts held parliament could restrict who could enter the parliamentary precincts. # 2001: ''Ontario (Speaker of the Legislative Assembly) v. Ontario (Human Rights Commission)'', where the courts held the actions of the provincial legislative assembly were immune from review by other government bodies including the Human Rights Commission. # 2005: ''Canada (House of Commons) v. Vaid'', where the Supreme Court of Canada analyzed the scope of parliamentary privilege and the role of courts in deciding its existence.


In Australia

In 1904, the
Parliament of Western Australia The Parliament of Western Australia is the bicameral legislature of the Australian state of Western Australia, forming the legislative branch of the Government of Western Australia. The parliament consists of a lower house, the Legislati ...
imprisoned John Drayton for three weeks for a breach of parliamentary privilege. In 1955, a newspaper proprietor Raymond Fitzpatrick and his editor Frank Browne were jailed by the
Australian House of Representatives The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Australia, the upper house being the Senate. Its composition and powers are established in Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia. The term of members of ...
for three months for what the House considered a gross breach of parliamentary privilege. The public and most commentators, then and since, felt the punishment far outweighed the crime.


Management of employees

This privilege was considered in the South Australian Employment Court in the case of ''Kosmas v Legislative Council (SA) and Others''
007 The ''James Bond'' series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors have ...
SAIRC 86. The Court found that employment statutes apply to the Parliament and therefore employees can seek judicial relief for matters such as unfair dismissal or workers compensation.


In New Zealand

The New Zealand Parliament accords its members parliamentary privilege like its British counterpart, preventing members for being sued or prosecuted for anything that was said on the floor while in session.


In India

The government of India, based largely on the Westminster model, grants limited immunity from legal proceedings to members of Parliament and State Legislature under Articles 105 and 194 respectively, of the Indian Constitution. Article 105(2) reads as follows:
No member of Parliament shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in Parliament or any committee thereof, and no person shall be so liable in respect of the publication by or under the authority of either House of Parliament of any report, paper, votes or proceedings.


In South Africa

Parliamentary privilege has existed in South Africa since the first legislatures were established in the 1850s. Early laws on the subject included the
Cape Colony The Cape Colony ( nl, Kaapkolonie), also known as the Cape of Good Hope, was a British colony in present-day South Africa named after the Cape of Good Hope, which existed from 1795 to 1802, and again from 1806 to 1910, when it united with ...
's Freedom of Speech in Parliament Act 1854, and Natal's Law to Secure Freedom of Speech and Debates or Proceedings in the Legislative Council (1857) and Privileges of Parliament Act 1895. The South Africa Act 1909, which established the
Union of South Africa The Union of South Africa ( nl, Unie van Zuid-Afrika; af, Unie van Suid-Afrika; ) was the historical predecessor to the present-day Republic of South Africa. It came into existence on 31 May 1910 with the unification of the Cape, Natal, Tr ...
in 1910, provided that the Cape's system of parliamentary privilege would apply to the Union's parliament until such time as it made its own rules. This served as an interim measure until the Powers and Privileges of Parliament Act 1911 was passed. After the country became a republic in 1961, the Act was replaced with the Powers and Privileges of Parliament Act 1963, which, in turn, was replaced with the Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and Provincial Legislatures Act 2003. The 1993 'interim' Constitution expressly protected members of the National Assembly and the Senate against civil or criminal action for anything which he or she said, produced, submitted or revealed in or before parliament or any of its committees, and gave similar protection to members of provincial legislatures.Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1993 : sections 55 and 135. The 1996 Constitution contains similar provisions.Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996 : sections 58, 71 and 117. Helen Suzman used parliamentary privilege in her anti-apartheid campaigning. Helen Suzman reported during a 1994 interview that she was able to get around
state of emergency A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to be able to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for the safety and protection of its citizens. A government can declare such a state du ...
rules applied against press reporting of violence in the country by asking questions in parliament about the subjects that the press were forbidden from talking about. South African legislation allowed anything said in parliament to be published in spite of emergency legislation. She commented on the hypocrisy of anti-apartheid campaigners criticising her for fighting apartheid from the inside in this way, yet publishing information revealed by her by means of parliamentary privilege.


In Singapore

The Parliament of Singapore accords parliamentary privilege to it members, preventing them from being sued or prosecuted for anything said on the floor while parliament is in session, or during any parliamentary committee meetings.


Leading cases

* Sir Thomas Haxey – free speech 397* Richard Strode (Privilege of Parliament Act)
512 __NOTOC__ Year 512 ( DXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Paulus and Moschianus (or, less frequently, year ...
*
George Ferrers George Ferrers (c. 1500 – 1579) was a courtier and writer. In an incident which arose in 1542 while he was a Member of Parliament for Plymouth in the Parliament of England, he played a key role in the development of parliamentary privilege. A ...
– debt default 542* '' Stockdale v. Hansard'' – defamation by ''Hansard'' 839*
Charles Bradlaugh Charles Bradlaugh (; 26 September 1833 – 30 January 1891) was an English political activist and atheist. He founded the National Secular Society in 1866, 15 years after George Holyoake had coined the term "secularism" in 1851. In 1880, Bradl ...
– Oath of Allegiance 880* Duncan Sandys – free speech
938 Year 938 ( CMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Summer – The Hungarian army invades Northern Italy with the permission of King H ...
* Archibald Maule Ramsay – treason
940 Year 940 ( CMXL) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * The tribe of the Polans begins the construction of the following fortified settlements (Gi ...
*
Garry Allighan Ernest George Allighan (16 February 1895 – 1977) was a British journalist and Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP). Background He was born with the surname Alligan and added the 'h' because he believed that it would make it seem more Iris ...
– defamation
947 Year 947 ( CMXLVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Summer – A Hungarian army led by Grand Prince Taksony campaigns in Italy, heading ...
* Duncan Campbell (the
Zircon affair The Zircon affair was an incident in 1986 and 1987 caused by the planned broadcast on the BBC of a television programme about the ultimately cancelled Zircon signals intelligence satellite, as part of the six-part ''Secret Society'' series. It ...
) – free speech 986* Neil Hamilton – cash for questions
994 Year 994 ( CMXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * September 15 – Battle of the Orontes: Fatimid forces, under Turkish gener ...
*
Bill Heffernan William Daniel Heffernan (born 3 March 1943), is an Australian former politician who was a Liberal Party member of the Senate representing the state of New South Wales from September 1996 to May 2016. Early life and background Heffernan was b ...
– free speech 002* "Superinjunction" controversy: ** The Guardian–Trafigura affair – Right of the media to report proceedings covered by parliamentary privilege 009** ''Fred Goodwin v News Group Newspapers Ltd and VBN'' and '' CTB v News Group Newspapers'' ( Ryan Giggs) – Right of the media to report on anonymised court injunctions; parliamentary privilege used to allow the media to report the existence of injunctions and the parties involved 011** An unnamed injunction in 2006 granted preventing participants of a case from speaking to individuals including "Members of Parliament, journalists, lawyers" on toxic chemicals in passenger ship water tanks and resulting illnesses – Right of constituents to speak to their MPs; existence revealed in a parliamentary question several years later. 011* Ryan Giggs, a footballer, was suspected of committing adultery with
Imogen Thomas Imogen Mary Thomas (born 29 November 1982) is a Welsh model and television personality. She won the Miss Wales award in 2003, and appeared on the seventh series of Channel 4 reality television programme '' Big Brother'' in 2006. In 2011, her ...
, a Big Brother contestant, sought an injunction to prevent the media talking about the issue. He took legal action against Twitter, given that a Twitter user had named him among several celebrities as having taken out super-injunctions. Large numbers of people retweeted the comments and eventually, the Liberal Democrat MP
John Hemming John Hemming may refer to: * John Hemming (historian) (born 1935), British explorer and author *John Hemming (politician) (born 1960), British politician See also *John Heminges, co-publisher of Shakespeare's works after his death *John Hemings J ...
used parliamentary privilege to name Ryan Giggs. No prosecutions against Twitter users were pursued, firstly because of the impracticality of pursuing things and secondly because of the public outcry about celebrities using super-injunctions to evade accountability for sleazy behaviour. * In the Republic of Ireland, Denis O'Brien lost a 2017 High Court case seeking to reprimand two TDs and
RTÉ (RTÉ) (; Irish for "Radio & Television of Ireland") is the national broadcaster of Ireland headquartered in Dublin. It both produces and broadcasts programmes on television, radio and online. The radio service began on 1 January 1926, whil ...
. After O'Brien had sought an injunction preventing RTÉ broadcasting his banking details, TDs Catherine Murphy and
Pearse Doherty Pearse Daniel Doherty (born 6 July 1977) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Donegal constituency since the 2016 general election, and previously a TD for the Donegal South-West constituency from 2010 t ...
disclosed the details in Dáil Éireann speeches which were broadcast by RTÉ.


See also

* Speech or Debate Clause of the
United States Constitution The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, in 1789. Originally comprising seven articles, it delineates the natio ...
* Executive privilege


References


External links

* British Council India's LEGAL eNEW
Theme article comparing British and Indian perspectives


* Josh Chafetz, ''Democracy's Privileged Few: Legislative Privilege and Democratic Norms in the British and American Constitutions'' (Yale Univ. Press 2007) () * Simon Wigley, 'Parliamentary Immunity: Protecting Democracy or Protecting Corruption?,
''Journal of Political Philosophy''
Vol. 11, No.2, pp. 23–40. * Erskine May, ''Parliamentary Practice: The Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament'', W.R. Mackay et al. (eds) (London: Butterworths, 2004) () * UK Parliament

HL 43-I/ HC 214-I. (London: The Stationery Office Limited, 1999). * Marc Van der Hulst, ''The Parliamentary Mandate''. (Geneva

2001) () * Centre for Constitutional Studies, 'Parliamentary Privilege

{{Constitution of Canada Parliamentary procedure Statutory law Westminster system Politics of the United Kingdom Government in Canada