Pétanque (, ; ; ) is a sport that falls into the category of
boules sports (along with
raffa,
bocce,
boule lyonnaise,
lawn bowls, and
crown green bowling). In these sports, players or teams play their boules/balls towards a target ball.
In pétanque the objective is to score points by having boules closer to the target than the opponent after all boules have been thrown. This is achieved by throwing or rolling boules closer to the small target ball, officially called a ''jack''
(), or by hitting the opponents' boules away from the target, while standing inside a circle with both feet on the ground. The game is normally and best played on hard dirt or gravel. It can be played in public areas in parks or in dedicated facilities called ''boulodromes''.
The current form of the game was codified in 1907 or 1910 in
La Ciotat, in
Provence,
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
. The French name ''pétanque'' (borrowed into English, with or without the acute accent) comes from ''petanca'' in the
Provençal dialect of the
Occitan language, deriving from the expression ''pè tancat'' , meaning 'foot fixed' or 'foot planted' (on the ground).
History
Invention of the game
Boules games have
a very long history, dating back through the Middle Ages to ancient Rome, and before that to ancient Greece.

In France in the second half of the 19th century, a form of boules known as ''
jeu provençal'' or ''boule lyonnaise'' was extremely popular. Players rolled their boules or ran three steps in this game before throwing one. Pétanque originally developed as an offshoot or variant of ''jeu provençal'' in 1910, in what is now called the ''Jules Lenoir Boulodrome'' in the town of
La Ciotat near Marseilles.
A former ''jeu provençal'' player named Jules Lenoir was afflicted by rheumatism so severe that he could no longer run before throwing a boule. He could barely stand. A good friend named Ernest Pitiot was a local café owner. To accommodate his friend Lenoir, Pitiot developed a variant form of the game in which the length of the pitch or field was reduced by roughly half, and a player, instead of running to throw a boule, stood, stationary, in a circle. They called the game ''pieds tanqués'', "feet planted" (on the ground), a name that eventually evolved into the game's current name, ''pétanque''.
The first pétanque tournament was organized by Ernest Pitiot and his brother Joseph Pitiot, in 1910 in La Ciotat. The game spread quickly and soon became France's most popular form of boules.
Before the mid-1800s, European boules games were played with solid wooden balls, usually made from boxwood root, a very hard wood. The late 1800s saw the introduction of cheap mass-manufactured nails, and wooden boules gradually began to be covered with nails, producing ''boules cloutées'' ("nailed boules"). After World War I,
round shot
A round shot (also called solid shot or simply ball) is a solid spherical projectile without explosive charge, launched from a gun. Its diameter is slightly less than the bore of the barrel from which it is shot. A round shot fired from a lar ...
manufacturing technology was adapted to allow the manufacture of hollow, all-metal boules.
Paul Courtieu introduced the first all-metal boule, ''la Boule Intégrale,'' in the mid-1920s. The ''Intégrale'' was cast in a single piece from a bronze-aluminum alloy. Shortly thereafter, Jean Blanc invented a process of manufacturing steel boules by stamping two steel blanks into hemispheres and then welding the two hemispheres together to create a boule. With this technological advance, hollow all-metal balls rapidly became the norm.
Global spread of the game
After the development of the all-metal boule, pétanque spread rapidly from Provence to the rest of France, then to the rest of Europe, and then to Francophone colonies and countries around the globe. Today, many countries have their own national governing bodies.
In France, the ''Fédération Française de Pétanque et Jeu Provençal'' (FFPJP) has over 300,000 licensed members.
There are strong national federations in Germany, Spain and England. Pétanque is actively played in many nations with histories of
French colonial influence, especially in
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...
, including
Laos
Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and ...
,
Thailand
Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...
,
Vietnam
Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
,
Cambodia
Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. It is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, and Vietnam to the east, and has a coastline ...
and
Puducherry in
India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
, as well as some parts of
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...
. The sport is also popular in Madagascar and Thailand.
Pétanque was featured at the
2015 All-Africa Games hosted by the
Republic of the Congo
The Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply the Congo (the last ambiguously also referring to the neighbouring Democratic Republic of the Congo), is a country located on the western coast of Central ...
, a former French colony.
Pétanque is not widely played in the Americas. There is a Canadian pétanque federation based in
Québec. In the
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
, the Federation of Pétanque USA (FPUSA) reports that about 30,000 play nationwide. As of 1 December 2015, FPUSA counted 2141 members in the US, in 52 affiliated clubs.
On the international level, the
governing body of pétanque is the ''Fédération Internationale de Pétanque et Jeu Provençal'' (FIPJP). It was founded in 1958 in
Marseille
Marseille (; ; see #Name, below) is a city in southern France, the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, department of Bouches-du-Rhône and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Regions of France, region. Situated in the ...
and has almost 800,000 members as of 2022.
National and international competitions

There are a number of important world championship tournaments.
The
FIPJP world championships take place every two years. Men's championships are held in even-numbered years, while Women's and Youth championships are held in odd-numbered years.
Perhaps the best-known international championship is the ''
Mondial la Marseillaise à Pétanque'', which takes place every year in
Marseille, France, with more than 10,000 participants and more than 150,000 spectators.
The largest annual tournament in the United States is the Pétanque Amelia Island Open (formerly the Pétanque America Open), held in each year in November at
Amelia Island, Florida.
Pétanque will be making its debut as an
Olympic sport at the
2026 Summer Youth Olympics in
Dakar
Dakar ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Senegal, largest city of Senegal. The Departments of Senegal, department of Dakar has a population of 1,278,469, and the population of the Dakar metropolitan area was at 4.0 mill ...
, although the
Confédération Mondiale des Sports de Boules—which was created in 1985 by several international boules organizations specifically for this purpose—has been lobbying the Olympic committee since 1985 to make it part of the Olympic Games. Pétanque has appeared in every edition of
The World Games from 1985 onward. The
2022 World Games
The 2022 World Games, commonly known as Birmingham 2022, were an international multi-sport event held from July 7 to 17, 2022, in Birmingham, Alabama, United States. They were the 11th World Games, a multi-sport event featuring disciplines ...
in the United States included women’s pétanque, the first time that only women's events were held as part of the boules sports programme at The World Games.
Playing the game
Based on the rules of the ''Fédération Internationale de Pétanque & Jeu Provençal''.
Equipment
Pétanque is played by two teams, each comprising one, two, or three players. Three boules are used per player in singles and doubles games, and two per player in triples games. A small wooden ball called a "jack" (''cochonnet'') serves as the target for the players' throws.
The area where a game of pétanque is played is called a ''terrain''. A game can be played in an open area such as a public park, where the boundaries of the terrain are not marked, or more formally on a "marked terrain" where the terrain boundaries are marked (traditionally, by strings tightly strung between nails driven into the ground).

In pétanque, players throw while standing in a circle (''cercle''). Traditionally, this was simply scratched in the dirt. From around 2005, red plastic "prefabricated" circles were introduced and are now widely used in formal games. A circle drawn on the ground must be in diameter, while a plastic circle must have an inside diameter of .
The "ends"
A game consists of several "ends" (''mènes''). An end consists of the throwing out of the jack, followed by the two teams throwing their boules. After both teams have thrown all of their boules, the team with the boule closest to the jack wins the end.
The winning team scores one point for each of its boules that is closer than the opposing team's closest boule. Each end therefore gives the winning team a minimum of one point, and a potential maximum of six in a doubles/triples game. The first team to score 13 points wins the game.
Order of play
A coin toss is held between the teams at the start of the game. The winning team draws/places the circle, and one of its members stands inside and throws the jack to a distance of . One member then throws a boule, followed by a member of the opposing team. From this point on, the team whose boule is closest to the jack is said to "hold the point," and the opposing team throws the next boule. A team's turn ends upon either gaining the point or running out of boules; in the latter case, the opposing team throws all of its remaining boules.
If at any point the closest boules from each team are equidistant from the jack, then the team that threw the last boule throws again. If the boules are still equidistant after this throw, then the teams play alternately until the tie is broken. If the boules remain equidistant once the end is complete, then neither team scores any points.
The team that wins an end starts the next one. A player from the winning team draws/places a circle around the jack, stands inside, and throws the jack to start the end.
Scoring

An end is complete when both teams have played all of their boules, or when the jack is knocked out of play (goes "dead").
If an end is complete with the jack still in play ("live"), then the team with the boule nearest to it scores one point for each of its boules that is closer than the opposing team's nearest boule. However, neither team scores any points if their closest boules are the same distance from the jack.
If the jack is dead at the completion of an end, and if only one team still has boules to play, then that team scores one point for each unused boule. Otherwise, neither team scores.
Miscellaneous rules
*Boules can be thrown in any way that the player wishes, but the traditional way is to hold the boule with the palm of the hand downwards, and then to throw with an under-arm swing of the arm ending in an upward flick of the wrist. Throwing this way puts backspin on the boule and gives the player the maximum amount of control and flexibility when throwing.
*The boule can be rolled, thrown to a moderate height, or even thrown to a great height (a high lob or ''portée'').
*At the beginning of an end, if the circle is drawn/placed such that the jack cannot be thrown to the maximum distance of , then the player throwing the jack may move the circle back to a point that allows this distance to be reached.
*If a boule or jack lands on/near a boundary line such that any portion of it is within the playing area when viewed from directly above, it is considered to be live. It must completely cross the line in order to be declared dead.
Equipment specifications
Boules
Leisure boules are boules that do not meet the FIPJP standards for competition boules, but are less expensive than competition boules and completely adequate for "backyard" games. Unlike competition boules, leisure boules are a "one size fits all" affair—they come in one weight and size.
Competition boules must meet specifications set by the FIPJP. They must be hollow and made of metal (usually steel) with a diameter between and a weight between . When purchasing competition boules, a purchaser has a choice of a number of characteristics, including the size, weight, and hardness of the boules, as well as the striations (patterned grooves on the surface of the boules).
Jack
The jack, or target ball, is a small ball made of
wood, traditionally
boxwood or
beechwood, in diameter.
[In 2002 the FIPJP began certifying non-wooden "synthetic" or "resin" jacks, and in 2013 began certifying synthetic jacks capable of being picked up by a magnet. In 2016, however, synthetic jacks were effectively outlawed because of their weight. For a review of the evolution of the rules governing the jack, see https://petanquerules.wordpress.com/2015/02/15/evolution-of-the-jack/ ] In the past, jacks were often left "natural"—unfinished or with a clear finish—but nowadays they are often painted in bright colours. In
French, the jack is known by a variety of names, including ''but'' (
goal or
target), ''cochonnet'' (
piglet), ''bouchon'' ("little ball" in
provençal language, not related to the French word "bouchon" that designates a
bung), ''le petit'' (the little one), and ''gari'' ("
rat", also in provençal language).
Playing area
Pétanque can be played on almost any flat, open space. The ground may be irregular and interrupted by trees or rocks, and the surface is likely to be uneven, with some areas hard and smooth and other areas rough and stony. When an area is constructed specifically for the purposes of playing pétanque, the playing surface is typically loose gravel,
decomposed granite, brick grog or crushed sea shell. Sandy beaches are not suitable, although light plastic boules are sometimes used to adapt the game for the beach. There is no requirement for backboards or sideboards (as in bocce), but dedicated playing areas are often enclosed in boards or some other structural barrier.
In France, village squares and park pathways are often used as pétanque playing areas. In addition, many towns have recreational facilities (''boulodromes'') constructed specifically for playing pétanque.
An area where a single pétanque game is played is called a ''terrain''. A "playing area" (''aire de jeu'') is an area containing one or more terrains. For tournaments, a large playing area is subdivided and marked off (typically using nails and string) into rectangular ''marked terrains'' (also known as "lanes" (''cadres'') or "pistes") so that multiple games may be carried on simultaneously. For tournament play, a marked terrain is a rectangle at least wide and long.
[
]
Strategy
Pointing and shooting
Generally speaking, a player throws a boule with one of two objectives:[
* To make the boule come to rest in a particular spot, usually as close as possible to the jack. This is called ''pointing''.
* To make the boule directly hit an opponent's boule with the aim of knocking it away from the jack. This is called ''shooting''.
The best throw is called a ''carreau''. It is a shot that knocks away the opponent's boule, leaving the thrown boule exactly in its place.][
Players who are skilful enough to shoot effectively are called 'shooters' (''tireurs''); players who usually point are called 'pointers' (''pointeurs'') As a matter of strategy, pointers play first and shooters are held in reserve in case the opponents place well. Good pointing is what scores points, but national and international championships are usually dominated by skilful shooters, who target any opposing boule that comes close to scoring.
]
Throwing a boule
Some strategic considerations involved in the throw of a boule include:
* A traditional maxim is ''boule devant, boule d'argent'' ("A ball in front is a money ball."). A boule located closer to the player than the jack ("in front of the jack") is much more valuable than one behind the jack. A boule in front blocks the opposing team from easy access to the jack, and it may also (intentionally or accidentally) be hit and pushed closer to the jack.
* If a player points a boule ''very'' close to the jack, it forces the opposing shooter to shoot it immediately. This may prove to be a disadvantage to a pointer who wants to keep that boule, or it can be advantageous if the pointer is trying to force the opposing shooter to exhaust their supply of boules.
* It is generally a bad idea for a player to shoot with their team's last boule. In most cases, the better strategy is to "limit the damage" by pointing the team's last boule close enough to the jack to limit the opposing team's gains to a single point.
Throwing the jack
Strategic considerations involved in the throw of the jack include:
* Throwing the jack to a distance at which the thrower's shooter teammate is comfortable, or at which the opposing team's shooter is not comfortable.
* Aiming for a spot on the terrain that the thrower's pointer teammates prefer, or that will cause difficulty for the opposing team's pointers.
* Avoiding predictable/repetitious behavior by changing distance and target position for each new throw.
Glossary of special terms
In the following glossary, the French word or phrase is given in brackets
A bracket is either of two tall fore- or back-facing punctuation marks commonly used to isolate a segment of text or data from its surroundings. They come in four main pairs of shapes, as given in the box to the right, which also gives their n ...
unless it is the same:
*join battle (''arriver a bataille''). When both teams have 10 or 11 points and the game may go either way on each lead.[
*bombard. To shoot or strike an opponent's boules one after another, after they had taken the lead.][
*''boule devant, boule d'argent''. "A ball in front is a money ball". This maxim reminds players that when pointing, the most valuable place for a boule is in front of the jack. In that location, it prevents opponents from throwing directly toward the jack, and hitting it will push it even closer to the jack.
* jack (''but'', also ''bouchon, cochonnet, petit, gari'' or ''kiki''). The small wooden or plastic target ball.][
* ''carambolage'' Shot that knocks away several boules. Literally "pile-up".][
* circle (''cercle'' or ''rond''). The marked area from within which the boules are thrown.][
*''demarquer'' ("unscore"). To drop a point when pointing or shooting.][
*''fuser''. A boule that bounces off course.][
*have the point. A team is said to "have the point" if one of its boules is closer to the jack than any of the opposing team's boules. A team that has the point is basically in a winning position, so the team that does NOT have the point throws the next boule and attempts to gain the point.][''Glossary of Pétanque Terms'']
at obut.com. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
*''mene''. "End" i.e. the period of play from the throw of a jack to the point when both teams have played all their boules.[
*point To throw one's boule with the intent of stopping near the jack (also known as placing).][''Rules of Pétanque'']
at obut.com. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
*''pousette''. A shot that pushes one's team's boules nearer the jack; or to that pushes the jack.[
*shoot To throw one's boule at an opponent's boule (or at the jack) in an attempt to knock it out of play. When the opposing team has a boule positioned very close to the jack, often the best strategy is to attempt to shoot it. A team in a desperate situation may attempt to save itself by shooting the jack out of bounds.][
*lob (''portée'') A boule thrown in a high arc so that when it lands it only rolls a short distance.
*''carreau'' (pronounced ''carrow''). A shot that knocks an opposing boule away from the jack and replaces it (in very nearly the same spot) with the thrower's own boule. Basically, the perfect shot.][
]
*fanny (''mettre fanny''). To lose a game without scoring any points; a shutout game. It's rare, but when a player or a team loses 13 to 0, he is said to ''fanny'' ("''il est fanny''", he's fanny, or "''il a fait fanny''", he made fanny) and must kiss the bottom of a girl named Fanny. Virtually everywhere in Provence where pétanque is played, you will find a picture, woodcarving or pottery figure of a bare-bottomed young woman named Fanny. Often, the team that "made fanny" has to buy a round of drinks for the winning team ("''Fanny paie à boire !''", "the fanny pays for the drinks!").[
]
Image gallery
Image:Pétanque a Aigues-Mortes-France.JPG, Playing pétanque in the late afternoon at Aigues-Mortes
Image:Toulon Playing Boules.jpg, Men playing pétanque next to the Fort St. Louis in Toulon
Toulon (, , ; , , ) is a city in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southeastern France. Located on the French Riviera and the historical Provence, it is the prefecture of the Var (department), Var department.
The Commune of Toulon h ...
.
Image:Pétanque Championnats du monde à Grenoble (308551840).jpg, The 2006 Pétanque World Championship in Grenoble
Grenoble ( ; ; or ; or ) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of the Isère Departments of France, department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Regions of France, region ...
, France
Image:Petanque batignolles.jpg, Action on the Pétanque field in Batignolles.
Image:Petanque in brighton.JPG, Players of the Brighton & Hove Pétanque Club on the Peace Statue Terrain, Brighton & Hove, UK
Image:Boulespieler am Hafen von Bonifacio im August 1975 (retouched).jpg, Pétanque players at the port of Bonifacio in 1975
File:Boule - Ystads Sandskog - Ystad-2022.jpg, Pétanque is a popular game among pensioners, here in Ystad 2022.
See also
* Boules
* Bocce
* Boccia
* Curling
Curling is a sport in which players slide #Curling stone, stones on a sheet of ice toward a target area that is segmented into four concentric circles. It is related to bowls, boules, and shuffleboard. Two teams, each with four players, take t ...
* Kubb, a Swedish throwing game
* Bowls
Bowls, also known as lawn bowls or lawn bowling, is a sport in which players try to roll their ball (called a bowl) closest to a smaller ball (known as a "jack" or sometimes a "kitty"). The bowls are shaped (biased), so that they follow a curve ...
* Bolas criollas
* Pétanque World Championships
* Mondial la Marseillaise à Pétanque
* Swedish pétanque championships
* Tejo
References
External links
FIPJP - Fédération Internationale de Pétanque et Jeu Provençal
is the international governing body for pétanque. Its web site contains a variety of useful information, including the official international rules of pétanque and a list of its national members.
CEP - Confédération Européenne de Pétanque (CEP)
is the European Governing body for Pétanque.
FFPJP - Fédération Francais de Pétanque et Jeu Provençal
is the governing body for Pétanque in France, and the most important national member of FIPJP.
Pétanque England
the governing body for Pétanque in England and member of the FIPJP.
FPUSA - Federation of Pétanque U.S.A.
is the governing body for pétanque in the United States and member of FIPJP.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Petanque
Ball games
Provence
Lawn games
Throwing sports
Sports originating in France
Team sports
Boules