''Pyrgulopsis'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

freshwater snail Freshwater snails are gastropod mollusks which live in fresh water. There are many different families. They are found throughout the world in various habitats, ranging from ephemeral pools to the largest lakes, and from small seeps and springs ...

s with a

gill A gill () is a respiratory organ that many aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are ...

and an operculum, aquatic

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

s in the family

Hydrobiidae Hydrobiidae, commonly known as mud snails, is a large cosmopolitan family of very small freshwater and brackish water snails with an operculum; they are in the order Littorinimorpha. Distribution Hydrobiidae are found in much of the world, ...

Etymology

The name ''Pyrgulopsis'' is composed from ''

Pyrgula ''Pyrgula'' is a genus of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.Bouchet, P. (2014). Pyrgula de Cristofori & Jan, 1832. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http: ...

'', another genus of snail, and ''

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'' =

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of.

Description

Generic characters of the genus ''Pyrgulopsis'' are: the

shell Shell may refer to: Architecture and design * Shell (structure), a thin structure ** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses ** Thin-shell structure Science Biology * Seashell, a hard ou ...

is minute, conically turreted, somewhat elongated, imperforate and unicarinate. The

apex The apex is the highest point of something. The word may also refer to: Arts and media Fictional entities * Apex (comics), a teenaged super villainess in the Marvel Universe * Ape-X, a super-intelligent ape in the Squadron Supreme universe *Apex ...

is acute. The

aperture In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane. An opt ...

is ovate. The edge of the aperture, called the peritreme, is continuous. The operculum is ovate, thin, corneous and spiral, with polar point well forward and approximating the

columella Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (; Arabic: , 4 – ) was a prominent writer on agriculture in the Roman Empire. His ' in twelve volumes has been completely preserved and forms an important source on Roman agriculture, together with the wo ...

. The jaw is thin and membranaceous. The

radula The radula (, ; plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food ...

is odontophore, with teeth are arranged in transverse rows, according to the formula 3 + 1 + 3. Formula for denticles of rhachidian: .

Distribution

The distribution of the genus ''Pyrgulopsis'' includes Western and South-western United States. Snails of species in the genus ''Pyrgulopsis'' occur in fresh water and in brackish water.

Species

''Pyrgulopsis'' is the largest genus of

freshwater gastropod Freshwater snails are gastropod mollusks which live in fresh water. There are many different families. They are found throughout the world in various habitats, ranging from ephemeral pools to the largest lakes, and from small seeps and springs ...

s in the North America. In 2014, 139 species were recognized in this genus. Species in the genus ''Pyrgulopsis'' include: *''

Pyrgulopsis aardahli ''Pyrgulopsis aardahli'', commonly known as the Benton Valley springsnail, is a species of freshwater snails in the family Hydrobiidae. This species' natural habitat is springs. It is endemic to a spring on the Bramlette Ranch, Mono County, Cal ...

'' Hershler, 1989 - Benton Valley springsnail *''

Pyrgulopsis aloba The Duckwater pyrg, scientific name ''Pyrgulopsis aloba'', is a species of freshwater snail in the family Hydrobiidae. It is endemic to the United States and only known from two springs in the Duckwater Reservation, Nye County, Nevada Nye C ...

'' Hershler, 1999 -

Duckwater pyrg The Duckwater pyrg, scientific name ''Pyrgulopsis aloba'', is a species of freshwater snail in the family Hydrobiidae. It is endemic to the United States and only known from two springs in the Duckwater Reservation, Nye County, Nevada Nye C ...

*''

Pyrgulopsis amargosae The Amargosa springsnail (''Pyrgulopsis amargosae'') is a snail in the family Hydrobiidae. It is endemic to the Amargosa River drainage of the southwestern United States. The small (1.5–2.7 mm high) snail is known to occur in several near ...

'' Hershler, 1989 - Amargosa springsnail *''

Pyrgulopsis anguina ''Pyrgulopsis'' is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae. Etymology The name ''Pyrgulopsis'' is composed from '' Pyrgula'', another genus of snail, and '' opsis'' = ...

'' Hershler, 1989 - Longitudinal gland pyrg *''

Pyrgulopsis archimedis ''Pyrgulopsis archimedis'', commonly known as the archimedes pyrg, is a species of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Hydrobiidae. This species' natural habitat is rivers and l ...

'' S. S. Berry, 1947 - archimedes pyrg *''

Pyrgulopsis arizonae ''Pyrgulopsis arizonae'', commonly known as the Apache springsnail, is a species of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Hydrobiidae. This species' natural habitat is springs. I ...

'' (

Taylor Taylor, Taylors or Taylor's may refer to: People * Taylor (surname) **List of people with surname Taylor * Taylor (given name), including Tayla and Taylah * Taylor sept, a branch of Scottish clan Cameron * Justice Taylor (disambiguation) Plac ...

, 1987) - Apache springsnail *''

Pyrgulopsis avernalis The Moapa pebblesnail also known as the Muddy Valley turban snail, scientific name ''Pyrgulopsis avernalis'', is a species of small freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae. The natural habitat ...

'' (

Pilsbry Henry Augustus Pilsbry (7 December 1862 – 26 October 1957) was an American biologist, malacologist and carcinologist, among other areas of study. He was a dominant presence in many fields of invertebrate taxonomy for the better part of a centu ...

, 1935) -

Moapa pebblesnail The Moapa pebblesnail also known as the Muddy Valley turban snail, scientific name ''Pyrgulopsis avernalis'', is a species of small freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae. The natural habitat ...

*'' Pyrgulopsis bacchus'' Hershler, 1988 - Grand Wash springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis bedfordensis'' Hershler & Gustafson, 2001 *'' Pyrgulopsis bernardina'' (

, 1987) - San Bernardino springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis blainica'' Hershler, Liu & Gustafson, 2008 *'' Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis'' Hershler, 1990 - Bruneau hot springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis bryantwalkeri'' Hershler, 1994 - Cortez Hills pebblesnail *''

Pyrgulopsis californiensis ''Pyrgulopsis californiensis'', the Laguna Mountain springsnail, is a species of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Hydrobiidae. This species' natural habitat is streams. It i ...

'' (Gregg &

, 1965) - Laguna Mountain springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis carinifera'' (

, 1935) *'' Pyrgulopsis castaicensis'' Hershler & Liu, 2010Hershler R. Liu H.-P. (25 January 2010). "Two new, possibly threatened species of ''Pyrgulopsis'' (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from southwestern California". ''Zootaxa'' 2343: 1–17, 8 plates
preview
/ref> *'' Pyrgulopsis chamberlini'' (Hershler, 1998) - smooth Glenwood pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis chupaderae'' (

, 1987) - Chupadera springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis coloradensis'' Hershler, 1998 - Blue Point pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis conica'' Hershler, 1988 - Kingman springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis cruciglans'' Hershler, 1998 - Transverse grand pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis crystalis'' Hershler & Sada, 1987 - Crystal springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis davisi'' (

, 1987) - Limpia Creek springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis deaconi'' Hershler, 1998 - Spring Mountains Pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis deserta'' (

, 1916) - desert springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis diablensis'' Hershler, 1995 - Diablo Range pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis eremica'' Hershler, 1995 - Smoke Creek pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis erythropoma'' (

, 1899) - Ash Meadows pebblesnail *'' Pyrgulopsis fairbanksensis'' Hershler & Sada, 1987 - Fairbanks springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis fusca'' (Hershler, 1998) - Otter Creek pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis gibba'' Hershler, 1995 - Surprise Valley pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis gilae'' (

, 1987) - Gila springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis giuliani'' Hershler & Pratt, 1990 - southern Sierra Nevada springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis glandulosa'' Hershler, 1988 - Verde Rim springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis greggi'' Hershler, 1995 - Kern River pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis hamlinensis'' Hershler, 1998 - Hamlin Valley pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis hendersoni'' (

, 1933) - Harney Lake springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis idahoensis'' (

, 1933) - Idaho springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis ignota'' Hershler, Liu & Lang, 2010 *'' Pyrgulopsis intermedia'' (Tryon, 1865) - Crooked Creek springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis isolata'' Hershler & Sada, 1987 - elongate-gland springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis kolobensis'' (

, 1987) - Toquerville springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis licina'' Hershler, Liu & Bradford, 2013 *'' Pyrgulopsis longae'' Hershler, 1995 - Long Valley pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis longinqua'' (

Gould Gould may refer to: People * Gould (name), a surname Places United States * Gould, Arkansas, a city * Gould, Colorado, an unincorporated community * Gould, Ohio, an unincorporated community * Gould, Oklahoma, a town * Gould, West Virginia, a ...

, 1855) *'' Pyrgulopsis marilynae'' ( Hershler, Ratcliffe, Liu, Lang and Hay, 2014) *'' Pyrgulopsis merriami'' (

& Beecher, 1892) - Pahranagat pebblesnail *'' Pyrgulopsis metcalfi'' (

, 1987) - Naegele springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis micrococcus'' (

, 1893) - Oasis Valley springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis milleri'' Hershler & Liu, 2010 *'' Pyrgulopsis minkleyi'' (D. W. Taylor, 1966) *'' Pyrgulopsis montezumensis'' Hershler, 1988 - Montezuma Well springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis morrisoni'' Hershler, 1988 - Page springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis nanus'' Hershler & Sada, 1987 - distal-gland springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis neomexicana'' (

, 1916) - Socorro springsnail *''

Pyrgulopsis nevadensis The corded purg, scientific name ''Pyrgulopsis nevadensis'', is an extinct species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum (gastropod), operculum, an aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae. ''Pyrgulopsis nev ...

'' ( Stearns, 1883) - corded pyrg - type species *'' Pyrgulopsis nonaria'' (Hershler, 1998) - Ninemile pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis owensensis'' Hershler, 1989 - Owens Valley springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis pecosensis'' (

, 1987) - Pecos springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis perforata'' Hershler, Liu & Bradford, 2013 *'' Pyrgulopsis perturbata'' Hershler, 1989 - Fish Slough springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis pilsbryana'' (J. L. Baily & R. I. Baily, 1952) - Bear Lake springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis pisteri'' Hershler & Sada, 1987 - Median-gland Nevada springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis robusta'' (

Walker Walker or The Walker may refer to: People *Walker (given name) *Walker (surname) *Walker (Brazilian footballer) (born 1982), Brazilian footballer Places In the United States *Walker, Arizona, in Yavapai County *Walker, Mono County, California * ...

, 1908) - Jackson Lake springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis roswellensis'' (

, 1987) - Roswell springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis sanchezi'' Hershler, Liu & Bradford, 2013 *'' Pyrgulopsis saxatilis'' (Hershler, 1998) - sub-globose snake pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis similis'' ( Hershler, Ratcliffe, Liu, Lang and Hay, 2014) *'' Pyrgulopsis simplex'' Hershler, 1988 - Fossil springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis sola'' Hershler, 1988 - brown springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis stearnsiana'' (

, 1899) - Yaqui springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis taylori'' Hershler, 1995 - San Luis Obispo pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis texana'' (

, 1935) -

Phantom cave snail The phantom cave snail or phantom cavesnail (''Pyrgulopsis texana'') is a species of very small freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod in the family Hydrobiidae. Distribution This species is endemic to the lower Pecos Rive ...

*'' Pyrgulopsis thermalis'' (

, 1987) - New Mexico hot springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis thompsoni'' Hershler, 1988 - Huachuca springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis transversa'' (Hershler, 1998) - southern Bonneville pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis trivialis'' (

, 1987) - Three Forks springsnail *'' Pyrgulopsis turbatrix'' Hershler, 1998 - Southeast Nevada Pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis variegata'' () - Northwest Bonneville pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis ventricosa'' Hershler, 1995 - Clear Lake pyrg *'' Pyrgulopsis wongi'' Hershler, 1989 Eastern North American species of ''Pyrgulopsis'' are considered to be in separate genus '' Marstonia'' according to the Thompson and Hershler (2002).''Marstonia'' http://www.natureserve.org accessed 25 July 2009. (See "Concept References" in each ''Marstonia'' species.) *''Pyrgulopsis agarhecta'' (F. G. Thompson, 1969) - Ocmulgee marstonia - '' Marstonia agarhecta'' F.G. Thompson, 1969 *''Pyrgulopsis arga'' - ghost marstonia - '' Marstonia arga'' F.G. Thompson, 1977 *''Pyrgulopsis castor'' (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - beaverpond marstonia - '' Marstonia castor'' F.G. Thompson, 1977 *''Pyrgulopsis halcyon'' (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - halcyon marstonia - '' Marstonia halcyon'' F.G. Thompson, 1977 *''Pyrgulopsis hershleri'' F. G. Thompson, 1995 - Coosa pyrg - '' Marstonia hershleri'' (F.G. Thompson, 1995) *''Pyrgulopsis letsoni'' (

, 1901) - gravel pyrg - '' Marstonia letsoni'' (

, 1901) *''Pyrgulopsis lustrica'' (

, 1890) - boreal marstonia - '' Marstonia lustrica'' (

, 1890) *''Pyrgulopsis ogmoraphe'' (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - royal springsnail - '' Marstonia ogmorhaphe'' (F.G. Thompson, 1977) *''Pyrgulopsis olivacea'' (

, 1895) - olive marstonia - '' Marstonia olivacea'' (

, 1895) *''Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis'' Hinkley, 1915 - Ozark pyrg - '' Marstonia ozarkensis'' (Hinkley, 1915) *''Pyrgulopsis pachyta'' (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - armored marstonia - '' Marstonia pachyta'' F.G. Thompson, 1977 *''Pyrgulopsis scalariformis'' (Wolf, 1869) - moss pyrg - '' Marstonia scalariformis'' (Wolf, 1869)

References

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.

External links

* * Roden T. D. (last change 25 May 2001)
AQUATIC SNAIL (possibly ''Pyrgulopsis'')
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3139588 Hydrobiidae Gastropod genera Taxonomy articles created by Polbot