Pyraustinae is a large subfamily of the lepidopteran family

Crambidae The Crambidae are the grass moth family of lepidopterans. They are variable in appearance, the nominal subfamily Crambinae (grass moths) taking up closely folded postures on grass stems where they are inconspicuous, while other subfamilies includ ...

, the crambid snout

moth Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of w ...

s. It currently includes over 1,400

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

; most of them tropical but some found in temperate regions including both North America and Europe. The Pyraustinae were originally including the

Spilomelinae Spilomelinae is a very species-rich subfamily of the lepidopteran family Crambidae, the crambid snout moths. With 4,135 described species in 344 genera worldwide, it is the most speciose group among pyraloids. Description Imagines – the ad ...

; the present group was at that time considered a

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confli ...

Pyraustini. It has not been fully established yet which taxa of the Pyraustinae ''sensu lato'' belong to Pyraustinae as currently understood; thus the number of species in this subfamily is set to increase (although the Spilomelinae are the larger group of the old Pyraustinae). Taxonomists' opinions differ as to the correct placement of the

, some authorities treating them as a subfamily (Crambinae) of the family

Pyralidae The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea. In many (particularly older) classifications, the grass moths (Crambidae) are included in the Pyralida ...

. If this is done, Pyraustinae is usually treated as a separate subfamily within Pyralidae. The Pyraustinae are characterised by atrophied

spinula ''Spinula'' is a genus of bivalves. References External links * Bivalve genera Tindariidae {{bivalve-stub ...

and venulae in the

tympanal organ A tympanal organ (or tympanic organ) is a hearing organ in insects, consisting of a membrane ( tympanum) stretched across a frame backed by an air sac and associated sensory neurons. Sounds vibrate the membrane, and the vibrations are sensed by ...

s; a narrow

fornix tympani Fornix (plural ''fornices'', Latin for "arch") can refer to: *''Fornix'' or ''throat scale'', a bowed prolongation of the corolla in Boraginaceae (cf.) *Fornix of the brain *Fornix conjunctiva, a part of the Conjunctiva *Fornix vaginae, also called ...

; a longitudinal groove with androconial scales on the male mesothoracic

tibia The tibia (; ), also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outside of the tibia); it connects ...

e; an often spinose

antrum ''This is a disambiguation page for the biological term. For the 2018 horror movie, see Antrum (film)'' In biology, antrum is a general term for a cavity or chamber, which may have specific meaning in reference to certain organs or sites in the bod ...

; and a sella (a medially directed clasper on the inside of the valvae), and an editum with modified

seta In biology, setae (singular seta ; from the Latin word for " bristle") are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms. Animal setae Protostomes Annelid setae are stiff bristles present on the body. ...

e on the male valvae. Many species have

larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. ...

e that bore into stems and fruit of plants, and several, notably from the

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

'' Ostrinia'', are serious agricultural pests.

Life cycle

;Life cycle of '' Saucrobotys futilalis'' File:Saucrobotys futilalis larvae web.jpg, Larvae in web File:Saucrobotys futilalis larva 1.jpg, Larva File:Saucrobotys futilalis larva 2.jpg, Larva, final instar File:Saucrobotys futilalis prepupa.jpg, Prepupa building cocoon File:Saucrobotys futilalis pupa.jpg, Pupa File:Saucrobotys futilalis adult.jpg, Adult

Pyraustinae taxonomy

*'' Acellalis'' Pagenstecher, 1884 *''

Achyra Achyra ( el, Αχυρά) is a village in the Medeon municipal unit, Aetolia-Acarnania, Greece. Its population at the 2011 census was 117. It was originally situated on a mountain slope, 7 km west of Katouna, 13 km east of Palairos and 37 km north ...

'' Guenée, 1849 (= ''Achiria'' Sherborn, 1932, ''Achyria'' Sherborn, 1932, ''Dosara'' Walker, 1859, ''Eurycreon'' Lederer, 1863, ''Tritaea'' Meyrick, 1884) *'' Acropentias'' Meyrick, 1890 *'' Adoxobotys'' Munroe, 1978 *'' Aeolosma'' Meyrick, 1938 *'' Aglaops'' Warren, 1892 (= ''Xanthopsamma'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1968) *'' Ametrea'' Munroe, 1964 *'' Anamalaia'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969 *'' Anania'' Hübner, 1823 (= ''Algedonia'' Lederer, 1863, ''Mutuuraia'' Munroe, 1976, ''Nealgedonia'' Munroe, 1976, ''Ametasia'' M. O. Martin, 1986, ''Ebulea'' Doubleday, 1849, ''Ennychia'' Treitschke, 1828, ''Ennichia'' Duponchel, 1833, ''Ethiobotys'' Maes, 1997, ''Eurrhypara'' Hübner, 1825, ''Palpita'' Hübner, 1806, ''Proteurrhypara'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969, ''Opsibotys'' Warren, 1890, ''Perinephela'' Hübner, 1825, ''Perinephele'' Hübner, 1826, ''Perinephila'' Hampson, 1897, ''Phlyctaenia'' Hübner, 1825, ''Polyctaenia'' Hübner, 1826, ''Pronomis'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1968, ''Tenerobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1971, ''Trichovalva'' Amsel, 1956, ''Udonomeiga'' Mutuura, 1954) *'' Ancyloptila'' Meyrick, 1889 *'' Aplectropus'' Hampson in Walsingham & Hampson, 1896 *''

Aponia "Aponia" ( grc, ἀπονία) means the absence of pain, and was regarded by the Epicureans to be the height of bodily pleasure. As with the other Hellenistic schools of philosophy, the Epicureans believed that the goal of human life is happin ...

'' Munroe, 1964 *'' Arenochroa'' Munroe, 1976 *'' Arunamalaia'' Rose & Kirti, 1987 *'' Asphadastis'' Meyrick, 1934 *'' Atomoclostis'' Meyrick, 1934 *'' Aulacoptera'' Hampson, 1896 (= ''Aulacophora'' Swinhoe, 1895; preoccupied by ''Aulacophora'' Dejean, 1835) *'' Aurorobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1971 *'' Authaeretis'' Meyrick, 1886 (= ''Anthaeretis'' Carus, 1887) *'' Auxolophotis'' Meyrick, 1933 *'' Betousa'' Walker, 1865 (= ''Neothyris'' Warren, 1899) *'' Burathema'' Walker, 1863 *''

Calamochrous ''Calamochrous'' is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae The Crambidae are the grass moth family of lepidopterans. They are variable in appearance, the nominal subfamily Crambinae (grass moths) taking up closely folded postures on grass st ...

'' Lederer, 1863 (= ''Calamochrosta'' Lederer, 1863) *'' Callibotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969 *'' Carminibotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1971 *'' Catapsephis'' Hampson, 1899 *'' Ceuthobotys'' Munroe, 1978 *'' Cheloterma'' Meyrick, 1933 *'' Chilochroma'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Chilocorsia'' Munroe, 1964 *'' Chilopionea'' Munroe, 1964 *'' Chobera'' Moore, 1888 *'' Circobotys'' Butler, 1879 *'' Clatrodes'' Marion & Viette, 1953 *'' Coelobathra'' Turner, 1908 *'' Coptobasoides'' Janse, 1935 *''

Crocidophora ''Crocidophora'' is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae The Crambidae are the grass moth family of lepidopterans. They are variable in appearance, the nominal subfamily Crambinae (grass moths) taking up closely folded postures on grass ste ...

'' Lederer, 1863 (= ''Crocidosema'' Lederer, 1863, ''Monocrocis'' Warren, 1895) *'' Crypsiptya'' Meyrick, 1894 (= ''Coclebotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969) *'' Cryptosara'' E. L. Martin, 1956 *'' Cybalobotys'' Maes, 2001 *'' Cyclarcha'' Swinhoe, 1894 *'' Daunabotys'' Maes, 2004 *'' Decelia'' Snellen, 1880 *'' Deltobotys'' Munroe, 1964 *'' Demobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969 *''

Drachma The drachma ( el, δραχμή , ; pl. ''drachmae'' or ''drachmas'') was the currency used in Greece during several periods in its history: # An ancient Greek currency unit issued by many Greek city states during a period of ten centuries, fr ...

'' Bryk, 1913 *'' Ecpyrrhorrhoe'' Hübner, 1825 (= ''Ecpyrrhorrhoa'' J. L. R. Agassiz, 1846, ''Ecpyrrhorrhoea'' Hübner, 1826, ''Harpadispar'' Agenjo, 1952, ''Pyraustegia'' Marion, 1963, ''Yezobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969) *'' Elosita'' Snellen, 1899 *'' Emphylica'' Turner, 1913 *'' Endographis'' Meyrick, 1894 *'' Endotrichella'' Collins, 1962 (= ''Endotrichodes'' Hampson, 1919) *'' Ennomosia'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Enyocera'' Snellen, 1880 *'' Epicorsia'' Hübner, 1818 (= ''Episcorsia'' Hübner, 1826) *'' Epiecia'' Walker, 1866 *'' Epiparbattia'' Caradja, 1925 *'' Eretmopteryx'' Saalmüller, 1884 *'' Erinothus'' Hampson, 1899 *'' Euclasta'' Lederer, 1855 (= ''Ilurgia'' Walker, 1859, ''Proteuclasta'' Munroe, 1958) *'' Eumaragma'' Meyrick, 1933 *'' Eumorphobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969 *'' Euphyciodes'' Marion, 1954 *'' Exeristis'' Meyrick, 1886 *'' Fumibotys'' Munroe, 1976 *'' Glaucoda'' Karsch, 1900 *'' Glyphidomarptis'' Meyrick, 1936 *'' Gnamptorhiza'' Warren, 1896 *'' Gynenomis'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1968 *'' Gyptitia'' Snellen, 1883 *'' Hahncappsia'' Munroe, 1976 *'' Helvibotys'' Munroe, 1976 *'' Hutuna'' Whalley, 1962 *''

Hyalea ''Hyalea'' is a genus of large moths of the family Crambidae. It was described by Achille Guenée in 1854. Species *''Hyalea africalis'' Hampson, 1912 *''Hyalea boliviensis'' Dognin, 1905 *''Hyalea dividalis'' Geyer in Hübner, 1832 (Brazil) *' ...

'' Guenée, 1854 *'' Hyalobathra'' Meyrick, 1885 (= ''Leucocraspeda'' Warren, 1890) *'' Hyalorista'' Warren, 1892 (= ''Pyraustopsis'' Amsel, 1956) *'' Hyphercyna'' Sauber, 1899 *'' Idiusia'' Warren, 1896 *'' Ischnoscopa'' Meyrick, 1894 *'' Isocentris'' Meyrick, 1887 *'' Lampridia'' Snellen, 1880 *'' Lamprophaia'' Caradja, 1925 *'' Lepidoplaga'' Warren, 1895 *'' Leptosophista'' Meyrick, 1938 *'' Leucophotis'' Butler, 1886 *'' Limbobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1970 *'' Lirabotys'' J. C. Shaffer & Munroe, 2007 *'' Lotanga'' Moore, 1886 *'' Loxoneptera'' Hampson, 1896 *'' Loxostege'' Hübner, 1825 (= ''Boreophila'' Duponchel, 1845, ''Cosmocreon'' Warren, 1892, ''Leimonia'' Hübner, 1825, ''Limonia'' J. L. R. Agassiz, 1847, ''Margaritia'' Stephens, 1827, ''Parasitochroa'' Hannemann, 1964, ''Maroa'' Barnes & McDunnough, 1914, ''Meridiophila'' Marion, 1963, ''Polingia'' Barnes & McDunnough, 1914) *'' Lumenia'' de Joannis, 1929 *'' Macrospectrodes'' Warren, 1896 *'' Megatarsodes'' Marion, 1954 *'' Metaprotus'' Hampson, 1899 *'' Metasiodes'' Meyrick, 1894 *'' Mimasarta'' Ragonot, 1894 *'' Monocoptopera'' Hampson, 1899 *'' Monodonta'' Kenrick, 1907 *'' Munroeodes'' Amsel, 1957 (= ''Munroeia'' Amsel, 1954) *'' Nacoleiopsis'' Matsumura, 1925 *'' Nascia'' J. Curtis, 1835 *'' Neadeloides'' Klima, 1939 (= ''Adeloides'' Warren, 1892) *'' Neasarta'' Hampson, 1908 *'' Neoepicorsia'' Munroe, 1964 *'' Neohelvibotys'' Munroe, 1976 *'' Nephelobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1970 *'' Nephelolychnis'' Meyrick, 1933 *'' Nomis'' Motschulsky, 1861 *'' Nymphulosis'' Amsel, 1959 *'' Oenobotys'' Munroe, 1976 *'' Oligocentris'' Hampson, 1896 *'' Oronomis'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1968 *'' Ostrinia'' Hübner, 1825 (= ''Eupolemarcha'' Meyrick, 1937, ''Micractis'' Warren, 1892, ''Zeaphagus'' Agenjo, 1952) *'' Pagyda'' Walker, 1859 *'' Palepicorsia'' Maes, 1995 *'' Paliga'' Moore, 1886 (= ''Eutectona'' Wang & Sung, 1980) *'' Paracentristis'' Meyrick, 1934 *'' Paracorsia'' Marion, 1959 *'' Paranomis'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1968 *'' Paratalanta'' Meyrick, 1890 (= ''Microstega'' Meyrick, 1890) *'' Parbattia'' Moore, 1888 *'' Paschiodes'' Hampson, 1913 *'' Patissodes'' Hampson, 1919 *'' Peribona'' Snellen, 1895 (= ''Radiorista'' Warren, 1896) *'' Perispasta'' Zeller, 1875 *'' Pimelephila'' Tams, 1930 *'' Pioneabathra'' J. C. Shaffer & Munroe, 2007 *'' Placosaris'' Meyrick, 1897 (= ''Xanthelectris'' Meyrick, 1938) *'' Platytesis'' Hampson, 1919 *''

Pleonectoides ''Pleonectoides'' is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, ''Pleonectoides vinacea'', which is found in southern India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is ...

'' Hampson, 1891 *'' Portentomorpha'' Amsel, 1956 (= ''Apoecetes'' Munroe, 1956) *'' Powysia'' Maes, 2006 *'' Preneopogon'' Warren, 1896 *'' Proconica'' Hampson, 1899 *'' Prodasycnemis'' Warren, 1892 *'' Prodelophanes'' Meyrick, 1937 *'' Protepicorsia'' Munroe, 1964 *'' Protinopalpa'' Strand, 1911 *'' Prototyla'' Meyrick, 1933 *'' Psammotis'' Hübner, 1825 (= ''Lemia'' Duponchel, 1845, ''Lemiodes'' Guenée, 1854, ''Psamotis'' Hübner, 1825) *'' Pseudepicorsia'' Munroe, 1964 *'' Pseudopagyda'' Slamka, 2013 *'' Pseudopolygrammodes'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969 *'' Pseudopyrausta'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Ptiladarcha'' Meyrick, 1933 *'' Pyralausta'' Hampson, 1913 *'' Pyrasia'' M. O. Martin, 1986 *'' Pyrausta'' Schrank, 1802 (= ''Aplographe'' Warren, 1892, ''Autocosmia'' Warren, 1892, ''Botys'' Latreille, 1802, ''Botis'' Swainson, 821/small>, ''Ostreophena'' Sodoffsky, 1837, ''Ostreophana'' Sodoffsky, 1837, ''Botis'' J. L. R. Agassiz, 1847, ''Heliaca'' Hübner, 1806, ''Cindaphia'' Lederer, 1863, ''Haematia'' Hübner, 1818, ''Heliaca'' Hübner, 1822, ''Heliaca'' Hübner, 1818, ''Heliaca'' Hübner, 1808, ''Herbula'' Guenée, 1854, ''Hyaloscia'' Dognin, 1908, ''Mardinia'' Amsel, 1952, ''Panstegia'' Hübner, 1825, ''Perilypa'' Hübner, 1825, ''Porphyritis'' Hübner, 1825, ''Proteroeca'' Meyrick, 1884, ''Pyrausta'' Hübner, 1825, ''Anthocrypta'' Warren, 1892, ''Pyraustes'' Billberg, 1820, ''Sciorista'' Warren, 1890, ''Rattana'' Rose & Pajni, 1979, ''Syllythria'' Hübner, 1825, ''Rhodaria'' Guenée, 1845, ''Synchromia'' Guenée, 1854, ''Tholeria'' Hübner, 1823, ''Trigonuncus'' Amsel, 1952) *'' Pyraustimorpha'' Kocak & Seven, 1995 *'' Rhynchetria'' Klunder van Gijen, 1913 *'' Rodaba'' Moore, 1888 *'' Sarabotys'' Munroe, 1964 *'' Saucrobotys'' Munroe, 1976 *'' Sclerocona'' Meyrick, 1890 *'' Semniomima'' Warren, 1892 *'' Sericoplaga'' Warren, 1892 *'' Sinibotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1969 *'' Sitochroa'' Hübner, 1825 (= ''Spilodes'' Guenée, 1849) *'' Stenochora'' Warren, 1892 *''

Tabidia ''Tabidia'' is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by Pieter Cornelius Tobias Snellen 1880. Species *''Tabidia aculealis'' (Walker, 1866) *''Tabidia candidalis'' (Warren, 1896) *''Tabidia craterodes'' Meyrick, 1894 *''Tabidia flex ...

'' Snellen, 1880 *'' Tangla'' Swinhoe, 1900 *''

Tasenia ''Tasenia'' is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, ''Tasenia nigromaculalis'', which is found on Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bord ...

'' Snellen, 1901 *'' Thivolleo'' Maes, 2006 *'' Thliptoceras'' Warren in Swinhoe, 1890 (= ''Mimocomma'' Warren, 1895, ''Parudea'' Swinhoe, 1900, ''Polychorista'' Warren, 1896) *'' Thysanodesma'' Butler, 1889 *'' Tipuliforma'' Kenrick, 1907 *'' Tirsa'' J. F. G. Clarke, 1971 *'' Togabotys'' Yamanaka, 1978 *'' Toxobotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1968 *''

Trichoceraea ''Trichoceraea'' is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, ''Trichoceraea semperi'', which is found in the Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippi ...

'' Sauber in Semper, 1902 *'' Trigamozeucta'' Meyrick, 1937 *'' Trithyris'' Lederer, 1863 *'' Triuncidia'' Munroe, 1976 *'' Uncobotyodes'' Kirti & Rose, 1990 *'' Uresiphita'' Hübner, 1825 (= ''Mecyna'' Guenée, 1854, ''Uresiphoeta'' J. L. R. Agassiz, 1847) *'' Vittabotys'' Munroe & Mutuura, 1970 *'' Xanthostege'' Munroe, 1976 Some Pyraloidea are still not unequivocally placed in a particular tribe or even family; among these, '' Tanaobela'' for example is sometimes assigned to the Pyraustinae.

Former genera

*'' Aediodina'' Strand, 1919 *'' Cavifrons'' Zeller, 1872 *'' Cryptographis'' Lederer, 1863 *'' Haplochytis'' Meyrick, 1933 *'' Orocala'' Walker, 1866 *'' Plantegumia'' Amsel, 1956, now in

Glaphyriinae Glaphyriinae is a subfamily of the lepidopteran family Crambidae. It was described by William Trowbridge Merrifield Forbes in 1923. The subfamily currently comprises 509 species in 75 genera. The larvae of Glaphyriinae predominantly feed on pla ...

*'' Protinopalpella'' Strand, 1911

External links

* {{taxonbar, from=Q149434 Moth subfamilies Taxa named by Edward Meyrick

Life cycle

Pyraustinae taxonomy

Former genera

See also

External links