Pyotr Kuzmich Anokhin (russian: Пётр Кузьми́ч Ано́хин; January 26, 1898 – March 5, 1974) was a Soviet and Russian biologist and physiologist, known for his

theory of functional systems The theory of functional systems is a model that describes the structure of conduct, which was established by Russian and Soviet biologist and physiologist Pyotr Anokhin. Overview Functional systems were put forward by Anokhin as an alternative t ...

and the concept of ''systemogenesis''. He made important contributions to

cybernetics Cybernetics is a wide-ranging field concerned with circular causality, such as feedback, in regulatory and purposive systems. Cybernetics is named after an example of circular causal feedback, that of steering a ship, where the helmsperson m ...

and

psychophysiology Psychophysiology (from Ancient Greek, Greek , ''psȳkhē'', "breath, life, soul"; , ''physis'', "nature, origin"; and , ''wiktionary:-logia, -logia'') is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiology, physiological bases of psych ...

. His pioneering concept on

feedback Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop. The system can then be said to ''feed back'' into itself. The notion of cause-and-effect has to be handled ...

was published in 1935.

Overview

Anokhin was born in

Tsaritsyn Volgograd ( rus, Волгогра́д, a=ru-Volgograd.ogg, p=vəɫɡɐˈɡrat), formerly Tsaritsyn (russian: Цари́цын, Tsarítsyn, label=none; ) (1589–1925), and Stalingrad (russian: Сталингра́д, Stalingrád, label=none; ) ...

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

in 1898. He studied

neurophysiology Neurophysiology is a branch of physiology and neuroscience that studies nervous system function rather than nervous system architecture. This area aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological diseases. Historically, it has been dominated b ...

and received a doctorate of

medicine Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care pract ...

. He was an academician of Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and the Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He was one of the founders of the Institute of Psychology of the USSR and the laboratory of neuro-physiology of training. In the 1920s he started his academic career under the guidance of

Ivan Pavlov Ivan Petrovich Pavlov ( rus, Ива́н Петро́вич Па́влов, , p=ɪˈvan pʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕ ˈpavləf, a=Ru-Ivan_Petrovich_Pavlov.ogg; 27 February 1936), was a Russian and Soviet experimental neurologist, psychologist and physiol ...

, Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology or Medicine in 1904. He developed the concept of

, published in 1935. Furthermore, he "elaborated the theory of functional systems (FS) which tied together subtle neuro-physiological mechanisms and integral activity of an individual. FS theory was considered as the “methodological bridge” between

psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries betwe ...

and

physiology Physiology (; ) is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. As a sub-discipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical ...

".Who is who in Russian psychology
, 2007. In the autumn of 1950, at a famous scientific session devoted to the problems of Pavlov's physiological teachings, new scientific trends were criticized and the theory of functional systems provoked serious rejection. Anokhin was suspended from work at the Institute of Physiology and sent to Ryazan. Currently, his work is highly regarded in Russian and international psychophysiology. One of Moscow prospects and a Research Institute in Moscow was named after Anokhin. Several laboratories carry the names associated with his theory (such as the laboratory of functional systems in the Institute of Psychology,

Russian Academy of Sciences The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; russian: Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across t ...

. He died in Moscow.

Publications

The main works of Anokhin, P.K.: * 1935, ''The problem of the center and periphery in the physiology of nervous activity'', Gorky, 9-70. * 1937, ''The functional system as the basis for the integration of nervous process during embryogenesis''. All- Union Conference of Physiologists, Biochemists and Pharmacologists, Tbilisi (p. 148-156) * 1940, ''The problem of localization from the point of view of systematic notions concerning nervous functions.'' J.Neoropath.exp.Neorol.,9, 31-44. * 1945, ''Dreams and Science'' (), Moscow, Moscow Bolshevik, 40 p., (in Russian) * 1949, ''The reflex and functional system as factor of physiological integration.'' Fiziol.Zh.(Moscow), 35, 491-503. * 1958, ''International Inhibition as a Problem of Physiology'', Moscow, Medgiz. * 1961,'' A new conception of the physiological architecture by conditioned reflex''. Brain Mechanisms and Learning, Oxford, Blackwell (pp. 189–229) * 1963a, ''A methodological analysis of key problems in the conditioned reflex'', Philosophical Problems of the Physiology of Higher Nervous Activity and of Psychology, Moscow, Academy of Sciences of USSR (p. 156-214) * 1963b, ''Systemogenesis as a general regulator of brain development'', Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 9, The Developing Brain, Amsterdam, Elsevier (pp. 54–86). * 1968, ''The biology and neuro-physiology of conditioned reflex'' * 1973, ''Biology and neurophysiology of the conditioned reflex and its role in adaptive behavior'', Elsevier, 592 p. * 1974, ''Biology and Neurophysiology of the Conditioned Reflex and Its Role in Adaptive Behavior''. Oxford: Pergamon,1974 * 1975, ''The essays on physiology of functional systems'' * 1977
P.K. Anokhin, Kira V. Shuleikina, ''System organization of alimentary behavior in the newborn and the developing cat''
Developmental Psychology, 10(5)385-419(1977) * 1978, ''Philosophical aspects of the theory of functional systems''. * 1998, ''Cybernetics of functional systems: Selected works'' (), Moscow, Medicine, 400 p., (in Russian)

References

External links

Who is who in Russian psychology

Scholarly articles for Biology and Neurophysiology of the Conditioned Reflex and Its Role
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anokhin, Pyotr 1898 births 1974 deaths People from Volgograd People from Tsaritsynsky Uyezd Russian biologists Russian neuroscientists Russian physiologists Soviet biologists Soviet physiologists Cyberneticists Neuropsychologists Systems biologists 20th-century biologists 20th-century Russian scientists Moscow State University faculty Academicians of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War Lenin Prize winners Recipients of the Order of Lenin Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery

Overview

Publications

See also

References

External links