Pylaemenes coronatus - Redtenbacher 1906

''Pylaemenes'' is a genus of stick insects in the family

Heteropterygidae The Heteropterygidae is a family of stick insects belonging to the suborder Euphasmatodea. Species can be found in Australasia, East and Southeast Asia. More than 130 valid species have been described (at the end of 2020). Characteristics Siz ...

and

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

Dataminae Datamini is the only tribe within the subfamily of the Dataminae from the order of the Phasmatodea. The representatives of this subfamily are on average not as large as those of the other two subfamilies belonging to the family of Heteropterygida ...

. It combines small to medium-sized, often brightly colored

Phasmatodea The Phasmatodea (also known as Phasmida, Phasmatoptera or Spectra) are an order of insects whose members are variously known as stick insects, stick-bugs, walking sticks, stick animals, or bug sticks. They are also occasionally referred to as ...

species. Their representatives are found in large parts of

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...

Characteristics

The average size of representatives of this genus in the male sex is between and between in the females. All species are always wingless. The basic color of

adult An adult is a human or other animal that has reached full growth. In human context, the term ''adult'' has meanings associated with social and legal concepts. In contrast to a " minor", a legal adult is a person who has attained the age of major ...

animals is usually a light beige or brown, which can be supplemented by almost white, brown or black markings depending on the species and gender. On the forehead, which becomes narrower towards the top, there are clear elevations that are differently designed depending on the type. The antennae are considerably longer than the femura of forelegs. One to three teeth can be found on the outer edge of the first antenna segment. The body surface is mostly covered with

tubercle In anatomy, a tubercle (literally 'small tuber', Latin for 'lump') is any round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on external or internal organs of a plant or an animal. In plants A tubercle is generally a wart-like projection ...

s. In contrast to the genus ''

Orestes In Greek mythology, Orestes or Orestis (; grc-gre, Ὀρέστης ) was the son of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon, and the brother of Electra. He is the subject of several Ancient Greek plays and of various myths connected with his madness and ...

'', the

Meso- A meso compound or meso isomer is a non-optically active member of a set of stereoisomers, at least two of which are optically active. This means that despite containing two or more stereocenters, the molecule is not chiral. A meso compound is "sup ...

and

Metanotum The metathorax is the posterior of the three segments in the thorax of an insect, and bears the third pair of legs. Its principal sclerites ( exoskeletal plates) are the metanotum (dorsal), the metasternum (ventral), and the metapleuron (lateral) ...

are flattened or slightly roof-shaped, with a clearly raised central keel and two lateral longitudinal keels. The pronotum is significantly shorter than half the mesonotum. Large elevations arranged in pairs can often be found on the front edge of the mesonotum, which in males can also be formed as spines. The

abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the torso. ...

of the males is slender and, unlike in ''Orestes'', the ninth

tergite A ''tergum'' (Latin for "the back"; plural ''terga'', associated adjective tergal) is the dorsal ('upper') portion of an arthropod segment other than the head. The anterior edge is called the 'base' and posterior edge is called the 'apex' or 'mar ...

is strongly widened towards the rear. The abdomen of adult females is severely swollen, especially in the front half. In contrast to ''Orestes'', the last segment (anal segment) is strongly triangularly tapered towards the rear and notched at the end. Depending on the species, especially in males, pairs of spines can be present in certain places on the

thorax The thorax or chest is a part of the anatomy of humans, mammals, and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen. In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions of the cre ...

and abdomen. As with all Dataminae, the females of the genus ''Pylaemenes'' have no

ovipositor The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typical ...

to lay their eggs.

Distribution area

The distribution area of the genus ''Pylaemenes'' includes large parts of Southeast Asia. Their representatives can be found in many areas of the

Malay Archipelago The Malay Archipelago (Indonesian/Malay: , tgl, Kapuluang Malay) is the archipelago between mainland Indochina and Australia. It has also been called the " Malay world," "Nusantara", "East Indies", Indo-Australian Archipelago, Spices Archipe ...

and here especially on

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...

. There are also species on the

Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula (Malay: ''Semenanjung Tanah Melayu'') is a peninsula in Mainland Southeast Asia. The landmass runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, it is the southernmost point of the Asian continental mainland. The area ...

, in

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...

and in

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

Way of life

The nocturnal animals only come out of their hiding places in the leafy layer of the ground or on or behind the bark when it is dark. They are very lazy during the day. When they are discovered they play dead by stretching their hind legs back, the frore and middle legs forward and close to the body. The eggs can be more arched on the

dorsal Dorsal (from Latin ''dorsum'' ‘back’) may refer to: * Dorsal (anatomy), an anatomical term of location referring to the back or upper side of an organism or parts of an organism * Dorsal, positioned on top of an aircraft's fuselage * Dorsal co ...

side and often have short hairs. The micropylar plate has three arms, with one arm pointing towards the lid, while the other two run more or less circularly around the egg. The eggs are usually laid on the ground, clamped in the bark near the ground or attached to plants such as mosses.

Taxonomy

In 1875

Carl Stål Carl Stål (21 March 1833 – 13 June 1878) was a Swedish entomologist specialising in Hemiptera. He was born at Karlberg Castle, Stockholm on 21 March 1833 and died at Frösundavik near Stockholm on 13 June 1878. He was the son of architect, a ...

established the genus ''Pylaemenes'' for some species that were previously listed in the genus '' Acanthoderus''. Of the species originally rearranged by him, only '' Pylaemenes coronatus'' remained in the genus. All others have turned out to be

synonyms A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

to other species or have turned out to be representatives of other genera. As namesake, Stål chose the

Paphlagonia Paphlagonia (; el, Παφλαγονία, Paphlagonía, modern translit. ''Paflagonía''; tr, Paflagonya) was an ancient region on the Black Sea coast of north-central Anatolia, situated between Bithynia to the west and Pontus to the east, and s ...

n king

Pylaemenes In Greek mythology, Pylaemenes (Ancient Greek: Πυλαιμένης) may refer to two distinct characters: * Pylaemenes, king of the Eneti tribe of Paphlagonia. He claimed to be related to Priam through Phineus, as the latter's daughter Olizone ...

, a figure from

Greek mythology A major branch of classical mythology, Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the Ancient Greece, ancient Greeks, and a genre of Ancient Greek folklore. These stories concern the Cosmogony, origin and Cosmology#Metaphysical co ...

. Since he had not specified a

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

William Forsell Kirby William Forsell Kirby (14 January 1844 – 20 November 1912) was an English entomologist and folklorist. Life He was born in Leicester. He was the eldest son of Samuel Kirby, who was a banker. He was educated privately, and became interested ...

chose ''Pylaemenes coronatus'' in 1904, the oldest species listed in the genus at that time, which is still the

. In the same publication in which he described the genus ''Pylaemenes'', Stål established 1875 the genus ''Datames'' for ''Acanthoderus mouhotii'' (today '' Orestes mouhotii'') and ''Acanthoderus oileus'', which he named after the

Old Persian Old Persian is one of the two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan language, Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of Sasanian Empire). Like other Old Iranian languages, it was known to its native ...

military leader

Datames Datames (Old Persian: ''Dātama'' or ''Dātāma'', Aramaic: ''Tadanmu'', grc, Δατάμης, Datámēs; 407 BC – 362 BC), also known as Tarkamuwa, was an Iranian military leader, who served as the governor ( satrap) of the Achaemenid satrapy o ...

James Abram Garfield Rehn James Abram Garfield Rehn (October 26, 1881 – January 25, 1965) was an American entomologist who was a specialist on the New World Orthoptera. He worked at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, making several collection expeditions aro ...

specified ''Datames oileus'' in 1904 as type species of ''Datames''. In the following years almost all newly described species were assigned to this genus.

Frank H. Hennemann Frank H. Hennemann (born 1 July 1978 in Ludwigshafen) is a German entomologist and taxonomist who works in the field of biodiversity research on the systematics and biogeography of stick insects (Phasmatodea). Biography Hennemann grew up in Ba ...

discovered in 1998 that the type species ''Datames oileus'' belongs to the genus ''Pylaemenes''. He synonymed ''Datames'' and transferred all species that had previously belonged to ''Datames'' into the genus ''Pylaemenes''. In the revision of the genus ''Orestes'' and the description of six new species in this previously

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...

genus by

Joachim Bresseel Joachim (; ''Yəhōyāqīm'', "he whom Yahweh has set up"; ; ) was, according to Christian tradition, the husband of Saint Anne and the father of Mary, the mother of Jesus. The story of Joachim and Anne first appears in the Biblical apocryphal ...

and Jérôme Constant in 2018, three species belonging to ''Pylaemenes'' were also transferred to the genus ''Orestes''. In addition, the differentiation between the genera ''Orestes'' and ''Pylaemenes'' has been specified. Following this, some of the species described in ''Pylaemenes'' in the recent past belong into the genus ''Orestes'', such as '' Pylaemenes elenamikhailorum'', '' Pylaemenes konchurangensis'' and '' Pylaemenes konkakinhensis'' . A Species described by Thanasinchayakul in 2006 as ''Pylaemenes kasetsartii'' was not recognized by the

ICZN Commission The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is an organization dedicated to "achieving stability and sense in the scientific naming of animals". Founded in 1895, it currently comprises 26 commissioners from 20 countries. Orga ...

and has been listed as

nomen nudum In taxonomy, a ''nomen nudum'' ('naked name'; plural ''nomina nuda'') is a designation which looks exactly like a scientific name of an organism, and may have originally been intended to be one, but it has not been published with an adequate descr ...

since 2019. In their

genetic analysis Genetic analysis is the overall process of studying and researching in fields of science that involve genetics and molecular biology. There are a number of applications that are developed from this research, and these are also considered parts of ...

study published in 2021 shows

Sarah Bank Sarah (born Sarai) is a Patriarchs (Bible)#Matriarchs, biblical matriarch and Prophet, prophetess, a major figure in Abrahamic religions. While different Abrahamic faiths portray her differently, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all depict her ...

et al. that the ''Pylaemenes'' species examined there cannot be assigned to a uniform

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

. The three examined species occurring on Borneo form a common clade. '' Pylaemenes pui'' described from China in 2013, the sample of which came from Thailand, does not belong in this clade and according to Bresseel, must be assigned to a genus of its own. ''Pylaemenes coronatus'' can also be found in another clade, the sister group of which is the genus ''Orestes''. Valid species are: * '' Pylaemenes abramovi'' Ho, 2018 - Vietnam * '' Pylaemenes borneensis'' (

Bragg Bragg may refer to: Places *Bragg City, Missouri, United States *Bragg, Texas, a ghost town, United States *Bragg, West Virginia, an unincorporated community, United States *Electoral district of Bragg, a state electoral district in South Australia ...

, 1998) * '' Pylaemenes coronatus'' ( de Haan, 1842) -

as '' Phasma coronatum'' de Haan, 1842, locality

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's List ...

and

Ambon Island Ambon Island is part of the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. The island has an area of and is mountainous, well watered, and fertile. Ambon Island consists of two territories: the city of Ambon, Maluku, Ambon to the south and various districts ('' ...

syn. The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. * In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linnae ...

= ''Acanthoderus occipitalis'' Kaup}, 1871) :(syn. = ''Acanthoderus spiniventris''

Bates Bates may refer to: Places * Bates, Arkansas, an unincorporated community * Bates, Illinois. an unincorporated community in Sangamon County * Bates, Michigan, a community in Grand Traverse County * Bates, New York, a hamlet in the town of Elli ...

, 1865) * '' Pylaemenes elenamikhailorum'' Seow-Choen, 2016 -

Sabah Sabah () is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and the North Kalimantan province of Indone ...

* '' Pylaemenes enganoensis'' Seow-Choen, 2020 * '' Pylaemenes gulinqingensis'' Gao & Xie, 2022 * '' Pylaemenes konchurangensis'' Ho, 2018 * '' Pylaemenes konkakinhensis'' Ho, 2018 * '' Pylaemenes longispinus'' Seow-Choen, 2018 * '' Pylaemenes mitratus'' ( Redtenbacher, 1906) :(syn. = ''Datames arietinus'' Redtenbacher, 1906) * '' Pylaemenes moluccanus'' (Redtenbacher, 1906) * '' Pylaemenes muluensis'' (Bragg, 1998) * '' Pylaemenes nullispinus'' Seow-Choen, 2020 * '' Pylaemenes oileus'' ( Westwood, 1859) :(syn. = ''Datames aequalis'' Rehn, J.A.G., 1904) :(syn. = ''Datames cylindripes'' Redtenbacher, 1906) :(syn. = ''Acanthoderus gravidus'' Bates, 1865) * '' Pylaemenes otys'' (Westwood, 1859) :(syn. = ''Pylaemenes infans'' Redtenbacher, 1906) * '' Pylaemenes pleurospinosus'' Hennemann & Le Tirant, 2021 * '' Pylaemenes pui'' Ho, 2013 - Caiyanghe Nature Reserve, Pu'er,

Yunnan Province Yunnan , () is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the C ...

in China and

Chiang Mai Province Chiang Mai ( th, เชียงใหม่, ; nod, , ) is the largest Province (''changwat'') of Thailand. It lies in upper northern Thailand and has a population of 1.78 million people. It is bordered by Chiang Rai to the northeast, Lam ...

in Thailand * '' Pylaemenes scrupeus'' Bresseel & Jiaranaisakul, 2021 * '' Pylaemenes sepilokensis'' (Bragg, 1998) ** ''Pylaemenes sepilokensis sepilokensis'' (Bragg, 1998) ** ''Pylaemenes sepilokensis kinabaluensis'' Seow-Choen, 2016 * '' Pylaemenes waterstradti'' (Bragg, 1998)

Terraristic

Several species of the genus are present in the

terrarium A terrarium (plural: terraria or terrariums) is usually a sealable glass container containing soil and plants that can be opened for maintenance to access the plants inside; however, terraria can also be open to the atmosphere. Terraria are ofte ...

s of enthusiasts. '' Pylaemenes mitratus'' was imported from the Malay Peninsula in 1999 by

Francis Seow-Choen Francis may refer to: People *Pope Francis, the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State and Bishop of Rome *Francis (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters *Francis (surname) Places *Rural Mu ...

. The species received PSG number 212 from the Phasmid Study Group. Another stock of this species was imported in 2015 from

Kota Bharu Kota Bharu, colloquially referred to as KB, is a town in Malaysia that serves as the state capital and royal seat of Kelantan. It is situated in the northeastern part of Peninsular Malaysia and lies near the mouth of the Kelantan River. The t ...

. The most widespread are two stocks which are kept as '' Pylaemenes sepilokensis''. This species was first collected by Mark Bushell in summer 2001 on Borneo, more precisely near

Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre is located about 25 kilometres west of Sandakan in the state of Sabah, Malaysia. The centre opened in 1964 as the first official orangutan rehabilitation project for rescued orphaned baby orangutans from ...

and brought to Europe. It received the PSG number 245. After it was lost in the meantime, it has been in breeding again since around 2015 after further imports. In addition to the stock from Sepilok, there is another one from

Tawau Tawau (, Jawi: , ), formerly known as Tawao, is the capital of the Tawau District in Sabah, Malaysia. It is the third-largest city in Sabah, after Kota Kinabalu and Sandakan. It is located on the Semporna Peninsula in the southeast coast of t ...

. According to the studies by Sarah Bank et al. these stocks belong to different species.

References

Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. W.br>Phasmida Species File Online
Version 5.0/5.0 (accessdate 15 December 2021) Bragg, P. E. (2001). ''Phasmids of Borneo'', Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 2001, p. 184, Bresseel, J. & Constant, J. (2018).
The Oriental stick insect genus Orestes Redtenbacher, 1906: Taxonomical notes and six new species from Vietnam (Phasmida: Heteropterygidae: Dataminae).
' Belgian Journal of Entomology 58. pp. 1–62, Brussel, , Redtenbacher, J. (1906).
Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 1. Phasmidae Areolatae
'. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 47–53 Dräger, H. (June 2012). ''Gespenstschrecken der Familie Heteropterygidae Kirby, 1896 (Phasmatodea) – ein Überblick über bisher gehaltene Arten, Teil 2: Die Unterfamilie Dataminae Rehn & Rehn, 1839'', ZAG Phoenix, Nr. 5 Jahrgang 3(1), pp. 22–45, Bank, S.; Buckley, T. R.; Büscher, T. H.; Bresseel, J.; Constant, J.; de Haan, M.; Dittmar, D.; Dräger, H.; Kahar, R. S.; Kang, A.;

Bruno Kneubühler Bruno Kneubühler (born 3 December 1946) is a Swiss former professional Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He competed in the Grand Prix motorcycle racing world championships from 1972 to 1989. During his career, he competed in every Grand Prix cl ...

; Langton-Myers, S. & Bradler, S. (2021).
Reconstructing the nonadaptive radiation of an ancient lineage of ground-dwelling stick insects (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae)
', Systematic Entomology, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12472 Hennemann, F. H. (1998). ''Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Phasmidenfauna von Sulawesi''. Mitteilungen des Museums für Naturkunde, Berlin, Zoologische Reihe 74, pp. 95–128 Ho Wai-Chun, G. (2018).
Three new species of genus Pylaemenes Stål (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae :Dataminae) from Vietnam
', Zoological Systematics, 43(3), pp. 276–282, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201826 Phasmid Study Group Culture List
/ref> ''Pylaemenes'' at Phasmatodea.com
by Conle, O. V.; Hennemann, F. H.; Kneubühler, B. & Valero, P. Gao, Hao-Ran & Xie, Chongxin: ''Pylaemenes gulinqingensis sp. nov., a new species of subfamily Dataminae (Phasmida, Heteropterygidae) from Yunnan Province, China'', Journal of Orthoptera Research 2022, 31(2): 125–129, DOI:10.3897/jor.31.79783

External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q2119566 Phasmatodea genera Phasmatodea of Asia