Pycnodysostosis (from
Greek
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Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
: πυκνός (puknos) meaning "dense", ''dys'' ("defective"), and ''ostosis'' ("condition of the bone")), is a
lysosomal storage disease
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs; ) are a group of over 70 rare inherited metabolic disorders that result from defects in lysosomal function. Lysosomes are sacs of enzymes within cells that digest large molecules and pass the fragments on to other ...
of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the
enzyme
Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. A ...
cathepsin K
Cathepsin K, abbreviated CTSK, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CTSK'' gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a cysteine cathepsin, a lysosomal cysteine protease involved in bone remodeling and resorption. This pro ...
.
It is also known as PKND and PYCD.
History
The disease was first described by Maroteaux and Lamy in 1962
at which time it was defined by the following characteristics: dwarfism; osteopetrosis; partial agenesis of the terminal digits of the hands and feet; cranial anomalies, such as persistence of fontanelles and failure of closure of cranial sutures; frontal and occipital bossing; and hypoplasia of the angle of the mandible. The defective gene responsible for the disease was discovered in 1996.
The French painter Henri de Toulouse Lautrec (1864-1901) is believed to have had the disease.
Signs and symptoms
Pycnodysostosis causes the bones to be abnormally dense; the last bones of the fingers (the distal
phalanges
The phalanges (singular: ''phalanx'' ) are digital bones in the hands and feet of most vertebrates. In primates, the thumbs and big toes have two phalanges while the other digits have three phalanges. The phalanges are classed as long bones.
...
) to be unusually short; and delays the normal closure of the connections (
sutures) of the skull bones in infancy, so that the "soft spot" (
fontanelle
A fontanelle (or fontanel) (colloquially, soft spot) is an anatomical feature of the infant human skull comprising soft membranous gaps ( sutures) between the cranial bones that make up the calvaria of a fetus or an infant. Fontanelles allow f ...
) on top of the head remains widely open. Because of the bone denseness, those with the syndrome suffer from fractures.
Those with the syndrome have brittle bones which easily
break
Break or Breaks or The Break may refer to:
Time off from duties
* Recess (break), time in which a group of people is temporarily dismissed from its duties
* Break (work), time off during a shift/recess
** Coffee break, a short mid-morning res ...
, especially in the legs and feet.
Other abnormalities involve the head and face, teeth, collar bones, skin, and nails. The front and back of the head are prominent. Within the open sutures of the skull, there may be many small bones (called
wormian bones
Wormian bones, also known as intrasutural bones or sutural bones, are extra bone pieces that can occur within a suture (joint) in the skull. These are irregular isolated bones that can appear in addition to the usual centres of ossification of the ...
). The midface is less full than usual. The nose is prominent. The jaw can be small. The palate is narrow and grooved. There will be delay in fall of milk teeth. The permanent teeth can also be slow to appear. The permanent teeth are commonly irregular and teeth may be missing (
hypodontia
Hypodontia is defined as the developmental absence of one or more teeth excluding the third molars. It is one of the most common dental anomalies, and can have a negative impact on function, and also appearance. It rarely occurs in primary teet ...
). The collar bones are often underdeveloped and malformed. The nails are flat, grooved, and dysplastic. High bone density, Acro-osteolysis and obtuse mandibular angle are the characteristic radiological findings of this disorder.
Pycnodysostosis also causes problems that may become evident with time. Aside from the broken bones, the distal phalanges and the collar bone can undergo slow progressive deterioration. Vertebral defects may permit the spine to curve laterally resulting in
scoliosis
Scoliosis is a condition in which a person's spine has a sideways curve. The curve is usually "S"- or "C"-shaped over three dimensions. In some, the degree of curve is stable, while in others, it increases over time. Mild scoliosis does not t ...
. The dental problems often require orthodontic care and
cavities
Cavity may refer to:
Biology and healthcare
*Body cavity, a fluid-filled space in many animals where organs typically develop
**Gastrovascular cavity, the primary organ of digestion and circulation in cnidarians and flatworms
*Dental cavity or too ...
are common.
Patients with PYCD are at a high risk of severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) due to upper airway obstructions.
OSA must be managed to prevent long term pulmonary complications.
Amongst infrequent complications, attention should be paid to maxillofacial anomalies. Snoring can be one of the presenting complaints and this needs early evaluation and management of obstructive sleep apnea if present to prevent long term pulmonary complications.
Genetics
PYCD is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. The molecular basis of pycnodysostosis was elucidated in 1996 by Gelb and collaborators and the disorder results from biallelic pathogenic mutation in CTSK gene (OMIM * 601105). This gene codes for cathepsin K, a lysosomal cysteine protease that is highly expressed in osteoclasts and plays a significant role in bone remodelling by degenerating the bone matrix proteins such as type I collagen, osteopontin, and osteonectin. Defective function of cathepsin K therefore results in failure of normal degradation of the accumulated collagen fibres in the resorptive microenvironment by osteoclasts despite normal generation of ruffled membranes and mobilization of bone minerals.
If both parents of a diagnosed individual are heterozygous for a CTSK pathogenic variant, siblings of the individual have a 25% chance of being affected, a 50% chance of being an asymptomatic carrier, and a 25% chance of being unaffected and not a carrier.
Diagnosis
Pycnodysostosis is one of those disorders which has a typical facial gestalt and can be clinically identified in the majority of cases. Skeletal surveys can also aid in clinical diagnosis and characteristic features include high bone density, acro-osteolysis and obtuse mandibular angle. Molecular testing will be the final resort to confirm the diagnosis. Due to the limited number of exons of the CTSK gene that causes pycnodysostosis, a cheaper genetic testing called
Sanger sequencing
Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing that involves electrophoresis and is based on the random incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication. After first being developed by Frederi ...
can be employed to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment and management
The treatment of pycnodysostosis is currently based on symptomatic management and no active trials are in place for a curative approach. The comorbidities like short stature, fracture and maxillofacial issues can be easily managed when identified earlier, which can improve the quality of life of these individuals.
Management can include physical, medical, and psychological care including:
* Growth hormone therapy
* Environmental and/or occupational modifications
* Orthopedic care for fractures and scoliosis
* Sleep medicine to address sleep apnea
* Dental and orthodontic care
Patients are likely to have annual physical exams with doctors and specialists to monitor all symptoms.
Epidemiology
Its incidence is estimated to be 1.7 per 1 million births.
Differences from osteopetrosis
Many of the radiological findings of PYCD are similar to those of osteopetrosis, a disease that causes bone density due to a defect in bone reabsorption; however, the two diagnoses differ in several ways.
In PYCD, there is also:
* Wormian bones
* Delayed closure of sutures and fontanels
* Obtuse mandibular angle
* Gracile clavicles that are hypoplastic at the lateral ends
* Partial absence of the hyoid bone
* Hypoplasia or aplasia of the distal phalanges and ribs
References
External links
{{Osteochondropathy , state=autocollapse
Autosomal recessive disorders
Lysosomal storage diseases
Rare diseases