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Pusa Basmati 1121 is an independently derived
Basmati Basmati, , is a variety of long, slender-grained aromatic rice which is traditionally grown in India, Pakistan, and Nepal.
rice variety, evolved through the process of hybridization over a long
breeding Breeding is sexual reproduction that produces offspring, usually animals or plants. It can only occur between a male and a female animal or plant. Breeding may refer to: * Animal husbandry, through selected specimens such as dogs, horses, and ra ...
process. This variety of
basmati rice Basmati, , is a variety of long, slender-grained aromatic rice which is traditionally grown in India, Pakistan, and Nepal.
was developed by
Padma Shri Padma Shri ( IAST: ''padma śrī''), also spelled Padma Shree, is the fourth-highest civilian award of the Republic of India, after the Bharat Ratna, the Padma Vibhushan and the Padma Bhushan. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is conf ...
awardee Dr Vijaipal Singh at
Indian Agricultural Research Institute The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), commonly known as the Pusa Institute, is India's national institute for agricultural research, education and extension. The name Pusa Institute is derived from the fact that the institute was or ...
(IARI), New Delhi. It was released for commercial cultivation in ''
Kharif Kharif crops, also known as monsoon crops or autumn crops, are domesticated plants that are cultivated and harvested in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh during the Indian subcontinent's monsoon season, which lasts from June to November depending o ...
'' season of 2003 as Pusa 1121 (Pusa Sugandh 4). By 2007, the variety has become widely popular with farmers, and was renamed as Pusa Basmati 1121 in 2008. It holds the world record for highest kernel elongation on cooking.


Breeding history

During the 1990s Indian Agricultural Research Institute was actively pursuing the Basmati varietal development programme with several hybridisations under evaluation. One among these was a cross, Pusa 614 derived from several intermediate crosses made between Basmati 370 and Type 3, two traditional cultivars. With the objective of improving grain length and linear cooked kernel elongation among the progenies of Pusa 614, another hybridisation was done using two sister lines, Pusa 614–1-2 and Pusa 614–2–4-3. Selections made during ''
Kharif Kharif crops, also known as monsoon crops or autumn crops, are domesticated plants that are cultivated and harvested in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh during the Indian subcontinent's monsoon season, which lasts from June to November depending o ...
'' 1992, from the F2 population of this cross, resulted in one line that showed exceptionally long milled rice kernels and high linear cooked kernel elongation. Further selections in the ensuing generations resulted in a superior line, Pusa 1121–92–8-13-3. It was evaluated with the number IET 18004 in the National Basmati Trials under the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project in 2002. The variety was identified for release for commercial cultivation in 2003 as Pusa 1121 (Pusa Sugandh 4) and notified vide Gazette of India S.O. 1566(E) dated 5 November 2005 by the Ministry of Agriculture,
Government of India The Government of India (ISO: ; often abbreviated as GoI), known as the Union Government or Central Government but often simply as the Centre, is the national government of the Republic of India, a federal democracy located in South Asia, ...
. Initially it was released for the national capital region of Delhi. Following the redefinition of Basmati, the cultivar was renamed as Pusa Basmati 1121 and released for the states of
Punjab Punjab (; Punjabi: پنجاب ; ਪੰਜਾਬ ; ; also romanised as ''Panjāb'' or ''Panj-Āb'') is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising a ...
and
Haryana Haryana (; ) is an Indian state located in the northern part of the country. It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 Nov 1966 on a linguistic basis. It is ranked 21st in terms of area, with less than 1.4% () of India's land a ...
in 2008, vide gazette notification no. S.O. 2547(E), dated 29 October 2008.


Special features

Pusa Basmati 1121 is a photo-insensitive cultivar, that yields 19–20
quintal The quintal or centner is a historical unit of mass in many countries which is usually defined as 100 base units, such as pounds or kilograms. It is a traditional unit of weight in France, Portugal, and Spain and their former colonies. It is com ...
s of paddy per acre as compared to 9–10 quintals for traditional tall basmati. It relatively requires less water and matures early than traditional Basmati cultivars. Well known for its extraordinary kernel (grain) length, which can be as much as for a single grain, Pusa Basmati 1121 has very high kernel elongation ratio ranging from 2 to 2.5. Kernel elongation ratio is calculated as the ratio between length of cooked rice kernel and length of uncooked milled kernel. When cooked, the rice does not turn sticky, and possesses minimum breadth-wise expansion. Cooked rice is fluffy white with pleasant aroma and very tasty to eat. The grains have alkali-spreading value of 7.0 and intermediate
amylose Amylose is a polysaccharide made of α-D-glucose units, bonded to each other through α(1→4) glycosidic bonds. It is one of the two components of starch, making up approximately 20–30%. Because of its tightly packed helical structure, amylose ...
content of 22%. As per
Limca Book of Records The ''Limca Book of Records'' is an annual reference book published in India documenting world records held by Indians. The records are further categorized into education, literature, agriculture, medical science, business, sports, nature, advent ...
of 2018, Pusa Basmati 1121 holds the world record for longest kernel elongation of cooking, that is 2.7 times of the raw kernel attaining a cooked length of 21.5mm.


Popularity and international trade

As of 2019, Pusa Basmati 1121 had spread over 69% of the total basmati area in Punjab, 35% in Western Uttar Pradesh, 46% in Haryana, 24% in Uttarakhand, 14% in Jammu and Kashmir and 20% in the hill state of Himachal Pradesh. Because of its immense popularity across the world, Pusa Basmati 1121 is an important export commodity. Its export has enhanced India's annual basmati foreign exchange earning from ₹50000 million in 2009 to ₹264165.382 million (US$3,540.4 million) in 2021–22 Pusa 1121 has major export share of ~70%. Pusa Basmati 1121 is widely recognised as the world's longest grain rice and is grown and traded widely in the neighbouring Pakistan.


Improved varieties of Pusa Basmati 1121

Despite its popularity and grain quality, Pusa Basmati 1121 is susceptible to major rice diseases such as
bacterial blight Blight refers to a specific symptom affecting plants in response to infection by a pathogenic organism. Description Blight is a rapid and complete chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as leaves, branches, twigs, or floral org ...
and
blast disease ''Magnaporthe grisea'', also known as rice blast fungus, rice rotten neck, rice seedling blight, blast of rice, oval leaf spot of graminea, pitting disease, ryegrass blast, Johnson spot, neck blast, wheat blast, and Imochi (Japanese:稲熱) is a ...
. It also has poor weed competitiveness. Improved essentially derived varieties of Pusa Basmati 1121 to address its weaknesses were developed and released by
Indian Agricultural Research Institute The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), commonly known as the Pusa Institute, is India's national institute for agricultural research, education and extension. The name Pusa Institute is derived from the fact that the institute was or ...
, New Delhi recently. All these varieties are near isogeneic lines of Pusa Basmati 1121 developed through marker assisted backcross breeding and show total agronomic similarity to Pusa Basmati 1121, coupled with its superior grain quality.


Pusa Basmati 1718 (IET 24565)

Pusa Basmati 1718 (PB 1718-14-2-150) is a
bacterial blight Blight refers to a specific symptom affecting plants in response to infection by a pathogenic organism. Description Blight is a rapid and complete chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as leaves, branches, twigs, or floral org ...
resistant variety, possessing two resistant genes for
bacterial blight Blight refers to a specific symptom affecting plants in response to infection by a pathogenic organism. Description Blight is a rapid and complete chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as leaves, branches, twigs, or floral org ...
namely, ''xa13'' and ''Xa21''. It is released and notified for the Basmati growing states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi by the Govt. of India Gazette notification no. S.O.2805(E) dated 25.08.2017. It has a seed-to-seed maturity of 136–138 days and produces an average yield of 4.64 t/ ha but has shown potential to yield up to 6.04 t/ha. It has shown high resistant to
bacterial blight Blight refers to a specific symptom affecting plants in response to infection by a pathogenic organism. Description Blight is a rapid and complete chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as leaves, branches, twigs, or floral org ...
disease on cultivation, and significantly reducing the use of streptocyclin, an antibiotic formulation used to control Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Singh AK, Ellur RK, Gopala Krishnan S, et al. (2018
Basmati rice variety Pusa Basmati 1718
Indian J. Genet. 78(1): 151.


Pusa Basmati 1885 (IET 28807)

Pusa Basmati 1885 (Pusa 1885-13-125-20-6) is a dual disease resistant version of Pusa Basmati 1121 carrying two resistant genes, ''xa13'' and ''Xa21'', for
bacterial blight Blight refers to a specific symptom affecting plants in response to infection by a pathogenic organism. Description Blight is a rapid and complete chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as leaves, branches, twigs, or floral org ...
; and two resistant genes, ''Pi54'' and ''Pi2'', for
blast Blast or The Blast may refer to: *Explosion, a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner *Detonation, an exothermic front accelerating through a medium that eventually drives a shock front Film * ''Blast'' (1997 film), ...
. At field level, Pusa Basmati 1885 has shown high level of resistance to both the diseases with 5.5% yield superiority over Pusa Basmati 1121. It has a seed-to-seed maturity of 135–140 days and average yield of 4.68 t/ ha. This variety it has been released and notified by Government of India Gazette notification S.O. 8(E) dated 24 December 2021 for cultivation in the Basmati growing regions of the Delhi-NCR, Haryana and Punjab.AICRIP Progress Report 2021
ICAR-IIRR, Hyderabad


Pusa Basmati 1979 (IET 28812)

Pusa Basmati 1979 (Pusa 1979-14-7-33-99-66) is a non-GM herbicide tolerant Basmati rice variety suitable fo
dry direct seeded rice
(DSR) cultivation. The variety shows complete tolerate to the spraying of Imazethapyr, an herbicide that kills all the common garden land weeds. Owing to this character, Pusa Basmati 1979 is ideal for DSR cultivation, wherein weed competition is a major problem. It possesses a mutant allele of ''AHAS'' gene. It is released and notified by the Government of India Gazette notification S.O. 8(E) dated 24 December 2021.


References


External links

Rice varieties Rice production in India {{agriculture-stub