Purwodadi Botanical Garden is a research centre in Purwodadi,

Pasuruan Pasuruan ( nl, Pasoeroean) is a city in East Java, Java, Indonesia. It had a population of 186,262 at the 2010 Census and 208,006 at the 2020 Census. It is surrounded by, but administratively separate from, Pasuruan Regency. It is located around ...

East Java East Java ( id, Jawa Timur) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia located in the easternmost hemisphere of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean bord ...

, Indonesia. It has an area of and more than 10,000 types of trees and many plant collections.

Callus A callus is an area of thickened and sometimes hardened skin that forms as a response to repeated friction, pressure, or other irritation. Since repeated contact is required, calluses are most often found on the feet and hands, but they may o ...

cultures of ''Agave amaniensis'' by Setia Dewi were taken in 1988.

History

The garden was established on January 30, 1941 by Dr. Gerhard Lourens Baas Becking Marinus from the initiative of Dr.

Dirk Fok van Slooten Dirk Fok van Slooten (1891, Amersfoort, the Netherlands – 1953, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) was a Dutch botanist. He obtained a doctorate from Utrecht University in 1919. In 1948 he became acting director of the Buitenzorg Botanical Gardens (now ...

as a division of

Bogor Botanical Gardens The Bogor Botanical Gardens ( id, Kebun Raya Bogor) is a botanical garden located in Bogor, Indonesia, 60 km south of central Jakarta. It is currently operated by Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Indonesian: ''Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indo ...

. This garden is one of the three branches of the Botanic Gardens of Indonesia, with each having specific tasks and functions. The two other branches are

Cibodas Botanical Garden Cibodas Botanical Garden ( id, Kebun Raya Cibodas, KRC) is a botanical garden on the slopes of Mount Gede, located in the Cibodas subdistrict of West Java, Indonesia. It was operated by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), which now ...

and

Bali Botanic Garden The Bali Botanic Garden ( id, Kebun Raya Bali) is the largest botanic garden in Indonesia and is located in the mountainous region of Bedugul, Tabanan Regency, central Bali, around 90 minutes drive north of Denpasar. The Garden was established o ...

. Management of the entire botanical garden branch is under the responsibility of the

Indonesian Institute of Sciences The Indonesian Institute of Sciences ( id, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, or LIPI) was the governmental authority for science and research in Indonesia. It consists of 47 research centers in the fields ranging from social to natural scien ...

. Initially, the gardens were used for plantation crop research activities. Then in 1954 the basics of a botanic garden began to be applied, with the establishment of patches of plant collections. From 1980 most of the plants were reorganized according to the Engler classification system. Purwodadi is a major centre of research on plant conservation and plants of dry climates in the tropics.

Collections

Legumes

The legume collection is classified into three parts:

Mimosaceae The Mimosoideae are a traditional subfamily of trees, herbs, lianas, and shrubs in the pea family (Fabaceae) that mostly grow in tropical and subtropical climates. They are typically characterized by having radially symmetric flowers, with petals ...

, Caesalpiniaceae, and

Papilionaceae The Faboideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. An acceptable alternative name for the subfamily is Papilionoideae, or Papilionaceae when this group of plants is treated as a family. This subfamily is widely ...

. There are 70

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

included in these groups. Various types of

legume A legume () is a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seed of such a plant. When used as a dry grain, the seed is also called a pulse. Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, for livestock f ...

s are used as

ornamental plant Ornamental plants or garden plants are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars that i ...

s such as species from the genera

Amherstia ''Amherstia nobilis'' ( my, သော်ကကြီး ; the Pride of Burma, in the family Fabaceae) is a tropical tree with large, showy flowers. It is the only member of the genus ''Amherstia''. It is widely cultivated for ornament in the hu ...

, Brownea, Cassia, Senna, and

Saraca ''Saraca'' L. is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae ( legume family) of about 20 plant species of trees native to the lands from India, China and Ceylon to Malaysia and Sulawesi. This plant can be grown outdoors in distinc ...

. In addition, some types of wood are also used for buildings such as rosewood (

Dalbergia latifolia ''Dalbergia latifolia'' (synonym ''Dalbergia emarginata'') is a premier timber species, also known as the Indian rosewood ( Tamil / தமிழ்: Eetti / ஈட்டி). It is native to low-elevation tropical monsoon forests of south east ...

) and Wangkal ( Albizia procera), and roadside greening plants such as Angsana (

Pterocarpus indicus ''Pterocarpus indicus'' (commonly known as Amboyna wood, Malay padauk, Papua New Guinea rosewood, Philippine mahogany, Andaman redwood, Burmese rosewood, narra and asana in the Philippines, angsana, or Pashu padauk) is a species of ''Pterocarpus ...

), Acacia ( Acacia auriculiformis) and Soga (

Peltophorum pterocarpum ''Peltophorum pterocarpum'' (commonly known as copperpod, yellow-flamboyant, yellow flametree, yellow poinciana or yellow-flame) is a species of ''Peltophorum'', native to tropical southeastern Asia and a popular ornamental tree grown around the ...

). Some are used as medicinal plants such as (

Senna siamea ''Senna siamea'', also known as Siamese cassia, kassod tree, cassod tree and cassia tree, is a legume in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. It is native to South and Southeast Asia, although its exact origin is unknown. It is a medium-size, evergr ...

), (

Parkia timoriana ''Parkia timoriana'' is a species of flowering plant in the legume family. English common names include tree bean.Thangjam, R. and L. Sahoo. (2012)''In vitro'' regeneration and ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens''-mediated genetic transformation of '' ...

), and (

Erythrina subumbrans ''Erythrina subumbrans'' is a flowering plant species in the genus ''Erythrina ''Erythrina'' is a genus of plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It contains about 130 species, which are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. ...

Orchids

Kebun Raya Purwodadi (Menara Pandang & Rumah Kaca)

Purwodadi's

orchid Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering ...

s are kept in

greenhouse A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse, or, if with sufficient heating, a hothouse) is a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of Transparent ceramics, transparent material, such as glass, in which plants requiring regulated climatic condit ...

conditions adjusted to their

natural habitat In ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species habitat can be seen as the physical ...

. There are about 2,344 specimens of wild orchids which consist of 319 species and 69 genera. About 7 species are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...

to East Java such as Appendicula imbricata, Arcuatum dendrobium and Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum. Among others are

endangered species An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and inv ...

such as

Ascocentrum miniatum ''Vanda miniata'', the rust-red ascocentrum, is a species of orchid Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along ...

Phalaenopsis amabilis ''Phalaenopsis amabilis'', commonly known as the moon orchid or moth orchid in India and as in Indonesia, is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae. It is native to the Indonesia and Australia, and widely cultivated as a ...

, Coelogyne pandurata from

Kalimantan Kalimantan () is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo. It constitutes 73% of the island's area. The non-Indonesian parts of Borneo are Brunei and East Malaysia. In Indonesia, "Kalimantan" refers to the whole island of Borneo. In 2019, ...

and others.

Palms

The Purwodadi collection of palms contains some 60 genera, 117 species and 435 individuals.

Bamboo

About 30 species of

bamboo Bamboos are a diverse group of evergreen perennial flowering plants making up the subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae. Giant bamboos are the largest members of the grass family. The origin of the word "bamboo" is uncertain, bu ...

have been collected by Purwodadi, 16 species from Java, two from Maluku, two from

Sulawesi Sulawesi (), also known as Celebes (), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the world's eleventh-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sulu Ar ...

, and 10 from several Asian countries (China, Japan, Thailand, India, and Burma). Gigantochloa manggong (manggong bamboo) is an endemic bamboo of East Java; Gigantochloa lear (pring lear) is often used for furniture, crafts or roofs;

Dendrocalamus asper ''Dendrocalamus asper'', also known as giant bamboo or dragon bamboo (in China), is a giant, tropical, clumping species of bamboo native to Southeast Asia. In addition to its prolific nature across Asia, the plant's overall attractive appearance ...

(pring petung) is used for its edible

shoot In botany, a plant shoot consists of any plant stem together with its appendages, leaves and lateral buds, flowering stems, and flower buds. The new growth from seed germination that grows upward is a shoot where leaves will develop. In the spri ...

s, and Schizostachyum silicatum (bamboo wuluh) to make flutes.

Ferns

The

fern A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes except t ...

collection lies beneath a patch of larger trees and is shady, as these plants grow best in shade and damp. The collection comprises 36 genera and 21 species. Among these are the spikes bird's nest (

Asplenium nidus :''See bird's-nest fern for other plants with this common name.'' ''Asplenium nidus'' is an epiphytic species of fern in the family Aspleniaceae, native to tropical southeastern Asia, eastern Australia, Hawaii (''ʻēkaha'' in Hawaiian), Poly ...

), maidenhair fern (

Adiantum ''Adiantum'' (), the maidenhair fern, is a genus of about 250 species of ferns in the subfamily Vittarioideae of the family Pteridaceae, though some researchers place it in its own family, Adiantaceae. The genus name comes from Greek, meaning "un ...

spp.), Lygodium circinnatum, and Platycerium coronarium. Some of the species contain useful properties, for example Athyrium esculentum has edible shoots, Asplenium sp. and Adiantum sp. are used as ornamental plants,

horsetail ''Equisetum'' (; horsetail, snake grass, puzzlegrass) is the only living genus in Equisetaceae, a family of ferns, which reproduce by spores rather than seeds. ''Equisetum'' is a "living fossil", the only living genus of the entire subclass Eq ...

Equisetum debile is used as a medical treatment, and Lygodium circinnatum for craft materials.

Medicinal plants

The

medicinal plant Medicinal plants, also called medicinal herbs, have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times. Plants synthesize hundreds of chemical compounds for various functions, including Plant defense against her ...

collection includes species such as

Morinda citrifolia ''Morinda citrifolia'' is a fruit-bearing tree in the coffee family, Rubiaceae. Its native range extends across Southeast Asia and Australasia, and was spread across the Pacific by Polynesian sailors. The species is now cultivated throughout th ...

, a fruit used for

cough medicine Cold medicines are a group of medications taken individually or in combination as a treatment for the symptoms of the common cold and similar conditions of the upper respiratory tract. The term encompasses a broad array of drugs, including a ...

and

high blood pressure Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms. Long-term high bl ...

, purple leaf ( Graptophyllum pictum), of which the leaves are used to cure

hemorrhoid Hemorrhoids (or haemorrhoids), also known as piles, are vascular structures in the anal canal. In their normal state, they are cushions that help with stool control. They become a disease when swollen or inflamed; the unqualified term ''hemo ...

s, Widoro upas ( Merremia mammosa), a

tuber Tubers are a type of enlarged structure used as storage organs for nutrients in some plants. They are used for the plant's perennation (survival of the winter or dry months), to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing ...

used to remedy

diabetes Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level ( hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased ap ...

, Sembung (

Blumea balsamifera ''Blumea balsamifera'' is a flowering plant belonging to the genus ''Blumea'' of the family Asteraceae. It is also known as Ngai camphor and sambong (also sembung). Description In the Philippines, where it is most commonly known as sambong, ''B ...

) from the which leaves are used for

asthma Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, cou ...

and

heart disease Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. CVD includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs include stroke, hea ...

medications, and Wudani (

Quisqualis indica ''Combretum indicum'', also known as the Rangoon creeper, is a vine with red flower clusters which is native to tropical Asia. Description The Rangoon creeper is a ligneous vine that can reach from 2.5 meters to up to 8 meters. The leaves are ...

) which leaves are used for de-worming.

Tourism and recreation

Purwodadi Botanic Garden can be explored by foot, on a rented bicycle, or by private car. Visitors can also utilise a small train. Outside of Purwodadi Garden there are other tourist attractions such as Coban Baung waterfall on the eastern side. A visit to the gardens can be incorporated into an East Java nature weekend. The gardens can be visited on the way up to or back from Mount Bromo. Other mountains in the surrounding area are Mount Arjuno and Mount Kawi, while another attraction close to the gardens is the Wonosari Tea Plantation. Purwodadi Botanic Garden is a place for respite from the hustle and bustle of Surabaya. It can be visited on the way to the town of Malang and also features a cafe serving traditional Javanese cuisine.

References

{{Coord, -7.80, 112.74, type:landmark_region:ID_dim:2000, display=title Botanical gardens in Indonesia Tourist attractions in East Java