mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...

, a pullback is either of two different, but related processes: precomposition and fiber-product. Its dual is a

pushforward The notion of pushforward in mathematics is "dual" to the notion of pullback, and can mean a number of different but closely related things. * Pushforward (differential), the differential of a smooth map between manifolds, and the "pushforward" op ...

Precomposition

Precomposition with a

function Function or functionality may refer to: Computing * Function key, a type of key on computer keyboards * Function model, a structured representation of processes in a system * Function object or functor or functionoid, a concept of object-oriente ...

probably provides the most elementary notion of pullback: in simple terms, a function

f

of a variable

y,

where

y

itself is a function of another variable

x,

may be written as a function of

x.

This is the pullback of

f

by the function

y.

f(y(x)) \equiv g(x)

It is such a fundamental process that it is often passed over without mention. However, it is not just functions that can be "pulled back" in this sense. Pullbacks can be applied to many other objects such as

differential forms In mathematics, differential forms provide a unified approach to define integrands over curves, surfaces, solids, and higher-dimensional manifolds. The modern notion of differential forms was pioneered by Élie Cartan. It has many applications, ...

and their cohomology classes; see *

Pullback (differential geometry) Suppose that is a smooth map between smooth manifolds ''M'' and ''N''. Then there is an associated linear map from the space of 1-forms on ''N'' (the linear space of sections of the cotangent bundle) to the space of 1-forms on ''M''. This linea ...

Pullback (cohomology) In algebraic topology, given a continuous map ''f'': ''X'' → ''Y'' of topological space In mathematics, a topological space is, roughly speaking, a geometrical space in which closeness is defined but cannot necessarily be measured by a numeric ...

Fiber-product

The pullback bundle is an example that bridges the notion of a pullback as precomposition, and the notion of a pullback as a

Cartesian square In mathematics, specifically set theory, the Cartesian product of two sets ''A'' and ''B'', denoted ''A''×''B'', is the set of all ordered pairs where ''a'' is in ''A'' and ''b'' is in ''B''. In terms of set-builder notation, that is : A\tim ...

. In that example, the base space of a

fiber bundle In mathematics, and particularly topology, a fiber bundle (or, in Commonwealth English: fibre bundle) is a space that is a product space, but may have a different topological structure. Specifically, the similarity between a space E and a p ...

is pulled back, in the sense of precomposition, above. The fibers then travel along with the points in the base space at which they are anchored: the resulting new pullback bundle looks locally like a Cartesian product of the new base space, and the (unchanged) fiber. The pullback bundle then has two projections: one to the base space, the other to the fiber; the product of the two becomes coherent when treated as a

fiber product In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a pullback (also called a fiber product, fibre product, fibered product or Cartesian square) is the limit of a diagram consisting of two morphisms and with a common codomain. The pullback is often w ...

Generalizations and category theory

The notion of pullback as a fiber-product ultimately leads to the very general idea of a categorical pullback, but it has important special cases: inverse image (and pullback) sheaves in

algebraic geometry Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics, classically studying zeros of multivariate polynomials. Modern algebraic geometry is based on the use of abstract algebraic techniques, mainly from commutative algebra, for solving geometrical ...

, and

pullback bundle In mathematics, a pullback bundle or induced bundle is the fiber bundle that is induced by a map of its base-space. Given a fiber bundle and a continuous map one can define a "pullback" of by as a bundle over . The fiber of over a point in ...

s in

algebraic topology Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariant (mathematics), invariants that classification theorem, classify topological spaces up t ...

and differential geometry. See also: *

Pullback (category theory) In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a pullback (also called a fiber product, fibre product, fibered product or Cartesian square) is the limit of a diagram consisting of two morphisms and with a common codomain. The pullback is often w ...

Fibred category Fibred categories (or fibered categories) are abstract entities in mathematics used to provide a general framework for descent theory. They formalise the various situations in geometry and algebra in which ''inverse images'' (or ''pull-backs'') of ...

Inverse image sheaf In mathematics, specifically in algebraic topology and algebraic geometry, an inverse image functor is a contravariant construction of sheaves; here “contravariant” in the sense given a map f : X \to Y, the inverse image functor is a functor ...

Functional analysis

When the pullback is studied as an operator acting on

function space In mathematics, a function space is a set of functions between two fixed sets. Often, the domain and/or codomain will have additional structure which is inherited by the function space. For example, the set of functions from any set into a vect ...

s, it becomes a

linear operator In mathematics, and more specifically in linear algebra, a linear map (also called a linear mapping, linear transformation, vector space homomorphism, or in some contexts linear function) is a mapping V \to W between two vector spaces that pre ...

, and is known as the

transpose In linear algebra, the transpose of a matrix is an operator which flips a matrix over its diagonal; that is, it switches the row and column indices of the matrix by producing another matrix, often denoted by (among other notations). The tr ...

composition operator In mathematics, the composition operator C_\phi with symbol \phi is a linear operator defined by the rule C_\phi (f) = f \circ \phi where f \circ \phi denotes function composition. The study of composition operators is covered bAMS category 47B33 ...

. Its adjoint is the push-forward, or, in the context of

functional analysis Functional analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis, the core of which is formed by the study of vector spaces endowed with some kind of limit-related structure (e.g. Inner product space#Definition, inner product, Norm (mathematics)#Defini ...

, the

transfer operator Transfer may refer to: Arts and media * ''Transfer'' (2010 film), a German science-fiction movie directed by Damir Lukacevic and starring Zana Marjanović * ''Transfer'' (1966 film), a short film * ''Transfer'' (journal), in management studies ...

Relationship

The relation between the two notions of pullback can perhaps best be illustrated by

sections Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sig ...

of fiber bundles: if

s

is a section of a fiber bundle

E

over

N,

and

f : M \to N,

then the pullback (precomposition)

f^* s = s\circ f

of ''s'' with

f

is a section of the pullback (fiber-product) bundle

f^*E

over

M.

References

{{reflist Mathematical analysis