Zhenzhou Puhua (
Chinese
Chinese can refer to:
* Something related to China
* Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity
**''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation
** List of ethnic groups in China, people of va ...
:
traditional
A tradition is a belief or behavior (folk custom) passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. A component of cultural expressions and folklore, common examples include holidays or ...
: 鎮州普化,
simplified: 普化,
pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally written in Chinese for ...
: ''Zhenzhou Pǔhuà''; Japanese: ''Jinshu Fuke'', honorifically ''Fuke Zenji'' (lit. "Zen master Fuke")—allegedly
ca. 770–840
''or'' 860),
also called P'u-k'o, and best known by his Japanese name, Fuke, was a
Chinese
Chinese can refer to:
* Something related to China
* Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity
**''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation
** List of ethnic groups in China, people of va ...
Chán
Chan (; of ), from Sanskrit '' dhyāna'' (meaning "meditation" or "meditative state"), is a Chinese school of Mahāyāna Buddhism. It developed in China from the 6th century CE onwards, becoming especially popular during the Tang and So ...
(
Zen
Zen ( zh, t=禪, p=Chán; ja, text= 禅, translit=zen; ko, text=선, translit=Seon; vi, text=Thiền) is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty, known as the Chan School (''Chánzong'' 禪宗), and ...
)
master
Master or masters may refer to:
Ranks or titles
* Ascended master, a term used in the Theosophical religious tradition to refer to spiritually enlightened beings who in past incarnations were ordinary humans
*Grandmaster (chess), National Master ...
,
monk
A monk (, from el, μοναχός, ''monachos'', "single, solitary" via Latin ) is a person who practices religious asceticism by monastic living, either alone or with any number of other monks. A monk may be a person who decides to dedica ...
-priest,
wanderer
Wanderer, Wanderers, or The Wanderer may refer to:
* Nomadism, Nomadic and/or itinerant people, working short-term before moving to other locations, who wander from place to place with no permanent home, or are vagrancy (people), vagrant
* The Wan ...
and eccentric, mentioned in the ''Record of
Linji'' (J.
''Rinzai-roku'' 臨剤録). Fuke was used to create a legend for the komusō samurai-monks that appeared in Edo-period Japan. They used their self-named
Fuke Zen The term "Fuke" is Japanese and may refer to:
* Fuke, known as Puhua, in Chinese, the legendary precursor to the eponymous Fuke Zen school of Buddhism in Japan
* Fuke Zen The term "Fuke" is Japanese and may refer to:
* Fuke, known as Puhua, in ...
to establish a constructed connection to
Japanese
Japanese may refer to:
* Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia
* Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan
* Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture
** Japanese diaspor ...
Rinzai Zen
Buddhism
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and gra ...
in the 17th or 18th century. The legend is written in the ''Kyotaku Denki'' (虚鐸伝記), first published in 1795 together with a "Japanese Translation" of the "original" in literary Chinese (''
kanbun
A is a form of Classical Chinese used in Japan from the Nara period to the mid-20th century. Much of Japanese literature was written in this style and it was the general writing style for official and intellectual works throughout the period. A ...
''). The original text may have been written in the middle of the 17th century, but there are no historic texts to support this. For the
komusō
The (also romanized or ) were a group of Japanese mendicant monks of the Fuke school of Zen Buddhism who flourished during the Edo period (1603–1867). were characterized by a straw basket (a sedge or reed hood known as a ) worn on the h ...
(虚無僧) samurai-monks, he was considered the traditional antecedent—at least in spiritual, mythological, or philosophical terms—of their order, which was formally established in
Edo
Edo ( ja, , , "bay-entrance" or "estuary"), also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo.
Edo, formerly a ''jōkamachi'' (castle town) centered on Edo Castle located in Musashi Province, became the ''de facto'' capital of ...
Japan. It is possible that the ideological roots of the sect derived from the
Rinzai
The Rinzai school ( ja, , Rinzai-shū, zh, t=臨濟宗, s=临济宗, p=Línjì zōng) is one of three sects of Zen in Japanese Buddhism (along with Sōtō and Ōbaku). The Chinese Linji school of Chan was first transmitted to Japan by Myōan E ...
poet and iconoclast
Ikkyū
was an eccentric, iconoclastic Japanese Zen Buddhist monk and poet. He had a great impact on the infusion of Japanese art and literature with Zen attitudes and ideals,Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, entry "Ikkyū" by James H. Sanford as well ...
and the monk Shinchi Kakushin (心地覺心) who traveled to and from China and Japan in the 13th century. Still, according to some accounts, the sect is simply a more direct derivative of the Rinzai school and its teachings.
The few records of Puhua's life and affairs are those accounted, if only briefly, in several
East Asian
East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. China, North Korea, South Korea a ...
religious or historical references. One of the only credible sources on his life is to be found in the
Tang Dynasty
The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an Zhou dynasty (690–705), interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dyn ...
''Record of Linji'' (''Records of Rinzai''), wherein he is portrayed as an obscure student and eventual
dharma heir
In Chan and Zen Buddhism, dharma transmission is a custom in which a person is established as a "successor in an unbroken lineage of teachers and disciples, a spiritual 'bloodline' ('' kechimyaku'') theoretically traced back to the Buddha hims ...
of
Panshan Baoji, as well as a friend, colleague, student and/or contemporary of
Linji Yixuan
Linji Yixuan (; ja, 臨済義玄 ''Rinzai Gigen''; died 866 CE) was the founder of the Linji school of Chan Buddhism during Tang Dynasty China.
Línjì yǔlù
Information on Linji is based on the ''Línjì yǔlù'' (臨濟語錄; Japanese: ' ...
, who founded the Linji (臨済宗 ''Rinzai'') sect in China. This implies that he may have been a real individual.
The legends surrounding Puhua were more recently mentioned in the ''
Monumenta Nipponica
''Monumenta Nipponica'' is a semi-annual academic journal of Japanese studies. Published by Sophia University (Tokyo), it is one of the oldest English-language academic journals in the field of Asian studies, being founded in 1938. Although the jou ...
'',
R.H. Blyth's ''A History of Haiku'' (published in 1963) as well as some of the writings of
Osho
Rajneesh (born Chandra Mohan Jain; 11 December 193119 January 1990), also known as Acharya Rajneesh, Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, and later as Osho (), was an Indian godman, mystic, and founder of the Rajneesh movement. He was viewed as a controv ...
, along with later publications concerning the Fuke-shū, the
shakuhachi
A is a Japanese and ancient Chinese longitudinal, end-blown flute that is made of bamboo.
The bamboo end-blown flute now known as the was developed in Japan in the 16th century and is called the . and related topics. In 1988 a shakuhachi learning and playing manual co-authored by the shakuhachi performer
Christopher Yohmei Blasdel and the scholar Kamisango Yūkō was published; the work is entitled ''The Shakuhachi: A Manual for Learning'' (), and thoroughly details the
historicity
Historicity is the historical actuality of persons and events, meaning the quality of being part of history instead of being a historical myth, legend, or fiction. The historicity of a claim about the past is its factual status. Historicity denot ...
of Fuke/Puhua and the precursors to Fuke Zen in China.
Life and legends
Sources for the life of Puhua
There are two main sources for the life of Puhua: one is the aforementioned ''Linji lu'' or ''Record of Linji'' from China. The ''Linji lu'' is considered to contain a variety of historically accurate{{citation needed, date=March 2021 documents regarding
Chinese Chán
Chan (; of ), from Sanskrit '' dhyāna'' (meaning "meditation" or "meditative state"), is a Chinese school of Mahāyāna Buddhism. It developed in China from the 6th century CE onwards, becoming especially popular during the Tang and So ...
, and is an important work on Zen Buddhism. Thus, if Puhua actually existed, his life may best be known by way of the ''Record of Linji''. There is also ''Kyotaku Denki Kokuji Kai'' from Japan, which connects the legend of Fuke (Japanese version of the name Puhua) and the transmission and transformation of the Fuke sect in Japan, in particular with regard to the legendary origin of the Komuso tradition and ''suizen'' ("blowing Zen"). The notion of suizen is however a concept from the 20th century, and was not used in the Edo period.
While there is much disparity between the two texts, they do agree on at least one issue: In both the ''Record'' and ''Kyotaku Denki'' the notion of Puhua being an eccentric imbued with a sort of
crazy wisdom
Divine madness, also known as ''theia mania'' and crazy wisdom, refers to unconventional, outrageous, unexpected, or unpredictable behavior linked to religious or spiritual pursuits. Examples of divine madness can be found in Hellenism, Christia ...
, and perhaps even an
iconoclast
Iconoclasm (from Greek: grc, εἰκών, lit=figure, icon, translit=eikṓn, label=none + grc, κλάω, lit=to break, translit=kláō, label=none)From grc, εἰκών + κλάω, lit=image-breaking. ''Iconoclasm'' may also be conside ...
, is supported. Yet the texts again diverge on the issue of Fuke's influence on the Fuke sect of Japan: While the ''Kyotaku Denki'' directly attributes the founding of the school to him, the Fuke sect did not exist in China and as such he is never mentioned to be the leader of a separate religious tradition in the ''Linji lu''. Although this is the case, the ''Record'' does provide certain subtleties regarding Puhua as being a person of his own, self-directed character who often did things ubiquitously and ignored social norms and doctrinal establishments.
The following account of Puhua's life is an amalgamation of the accounts featured in both the ''Record'' and ''Kyotaku Denki'', although it includes some outside references as well.
Historical accounts
Puhua is said to have been born in Tang Dynasty China in the year 770. It is not known where he was born, however his name, Zhenzhou, possibly references
Zhengzhou
Zhengzhou (; ), also spelt Zheng Zhou and alternatively romanized as Chengchow, is the capital and largest city of Henan Province in the central part of the People's Republic of China. Located in north-central Henan, it is one of the National ...
, a city in the modern
Henan
Henan (; or ; ; alternatively Honan) is a landlocked province of China, in the central part of the country. Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou (), which literally means "central plain" or "midland", although the name is al ...
province of north-central China. The ''Kyotaku Denki'' states that he lived in "Chen Province". Coincidentally, there is a village known as Chen by the
Yellow River
The Yellow River or Huang He (Chinese: , Standard Beijing Mandarin, Mandarin: ''Huáng hé'' ) is the second-longest river in China, after the Yangtze River, and the List of rivers by length, sixth-longest river system in the world at th ...
in Henan. Furthermore, one of Puhua's supposed students, Chang Po (Japanese: ''Chōhaku''; also stylized ''Cho Haku'', ''Chohaku'' or ''Chō Haku'' and sometimes referred to as, simply, ''Haku'') is said to have lived in Henan (also transliterated as ''Ho Nan'').
One account states that Puhua lived in and traveled through an area known as "Toh" in China.
In the ''Record of Linji'' Puhua is noted as being a student and dharma heir of Panshan Baoji (who by some accounts is either the same person as, or different from, another Chán patriarch by the name of
Baizhang Huaihai
Baizhang Huaihai (; pinyin: ''Bǎizhàng Huáihái''; Wade-Giles: ''Pai-chang Huai-hai''; ja, Hyakujō Ekai) (720–814) was a Zen master during the Tang Dynasty. A native of Fuzhou, he was a dharma transmission, dharma heir of Mazu Daoyi (Wade ...
) alongside two other dharma heirs:
Huangbo and Linji. Puhua's own group of students reportedly included several individuals whose historicity is also dubious: "Ennin", "Chang Po" (Chōhaku) and "Zhang Bai" (whose name is also stylized as ''Zhang Bo''). (At least one, if not all of these individuals is implied to have been Puhua's heir and purportedly passed on his legacy to many more disciples and eventually the komusō.)
Puhua is said to have been not only a contemporary of Linji/Rinzai, but also one of his students. Thus Puhua is sometimes included in the fold of the ''Linji zōng'' (Japanese: ''Rinzai-shū'') in certain chronicles, as well as
Huineng
Dajian Huineng (); (February 27, 638 – August 28, 713), also commonly known as the Sixth Patriarch or Sixth Ancestor of Chan (traditional Chinese: 禪宗六祖), is a semi-legendary but central figure in the early history of Chinese Chan Buddhi ...
's "Sudden Enlightenment" school because it is, in some respects, an antecedent for the Rinzai school to begin with, and especially influenced Linji's epoynmous sect in the Tang Dynasty, where and when Puhua and Linji lived. (Not surprisingly, the Japanese komusō samurai-monks of the Edo period considered itself a delineation of the Rinzai sect. Their self-named Fuke sect was never recognised by the authorities.)
Fuke was reputedly a multi-talented monk and priest, known for being inventive, intelligent and at the same time quite strict. He is characterized by all accounts to have been a spontaneous individual who demonstrated a unique style of
non-verbal communication
Nonverbal communication (NVC) is the transmission of messages or signals through a nonverbal platform such as eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture, and body language. It includes the use of social cues, kinesics, distance (proxemic ...
that is an important aspect of Zen Buddhist philosophy and historically the staple teaching method of the Zen Patriarchs and even
Bodhidharma
Bodhidharma was a semi-legendary Buddhist monk who lived during the 5th or 6th century CE. He is traditionally credited as the transmitter of Chan Buddhism to China, and regarded as its first Chinese patriarch. According to a 17th century apo ...
(an Indian monk and the ostensible founder of Zen Buddhism) himself. The ''Kyotaku Denki'' reinforces this characteristic, stating that Puhua "was pleased with his uninhibited Zen spirit."
This kind of capriciousness can be gleaned from a legend regarding Puhua wherein he is attending the deathbed of his master Panshan:
When Panshan Baoji was near death, he said to the monks, "Is there anyone among you who can draw my likeness?"
Many of the monks made drawings for Panshan, but none were to his liking.
The monk Puhua stepped forward and said, "I can draw it."
Panshan said, "Why don't you show it to me?"
Puhua then turned a somersault and went out.
Panshan said, "Someday, that fellow will teach others in a crazy manner!"
Having said these words, Panshan passed away.
Many stories about Puhua that appear in the ''Record of Linji'' add to his reputation of having a rough and uncompromising manner of expressing the
dharma
Dharma (; sa, धर्म, dharma, ; pi, dhamma, italic=yes) is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others. Although there is no direct single-word translation for '' ...
. For example:
[Schloegl, pp. 66–67]
44.a. One day the master (Linji Yixuan) and Puhua went to a vegetarian banquet given them by a believer. During it, the master asked Puhua: "'A hair swallows the vast ocean, a mustard seed contains Mt. Sumeru' – does this happen by means of supernatural powers, or is the whole body (substance, essence) like this?" Puhua kicked over the table. The master said: "Rough fellow." Puhua retorted: "What place is this here to speak of rough and refined?"
b. The next day, they went again to a vegetarian banquet. During it, the master asked: "Today's fare, how does it compare with yesterday's?" Puhua (as before) kicked over the table. The master said: "Understand it you do – but still, you are a rough fellow." Puhua replied: "Blind fellow, does one preach of any roughness or finesse in the Buddha-Dharma?" The master stuck out his tongue.
There is some controversy as to the degree and nature of Fuke's musical talents, but his later "followers" (the monks of the Fuke sect in Japan) would often reflect on a certain story that appears in the ''Kyotaku Denki'' for inspiration.
![Fuke Zenji by Seta Kamon (Sakata)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Fuke_Zenji_by_Seta_Kamon_%28Sakata%29.jpg)
The story tells of Puhua going through his hometown, ringing a bell and reciting a
gatha
''Gāthā'' is a Sanskrit term for 'song' or 'verse', especially referring to any poetic metre which is used in legends, and is not part of the Vedas but peculiar to either Epic Sanskrit or to Prakrit. The word is originally derived from the Sansk ...
to summon others to
enlightenment. The same, for many Fuke practitioners, applied to the shakuhachi through ''
suizen
''Suizen'' (吹禅) (“blowing Zen”) is a Zen practice consisting of playing the traditional Japanese shakuhachi bamboo flute as a means of attaining self-realization.''The Annals of the International Shakuhachi Society'', Volume 1. Ed. Dan E M ...
'' (Japanese: 吹禅)—"blowing
meditation
Meditation is a practice in which an individual uses a technique – such as mindfulness, or focusing the mind on a particular object, thought, or activity – to train attention and awareness, and achieve a mentally clear and emotionally cal ...
" – a term coined in the 20th century – involving the use of the shakuhachi as a spiritual/religious instrument for meditation and as a way to attain
bodhi
The English term enlightenment is the Western translation of various Buddhist terms, most notably bodhi and vimutti. The abstract noun ''bodhi'' (; Sanskrit: बोधि; Pali: ''bodhi''), means the knowledge or wisdom, or awakened intellect ...
, and its mastery was seen as a path to enlightenment:
Ringing a ''taku'' , he would go to town and say to passersby: "''Myōtōrai myōtōda, antōrai antōda, Shihō hachimenrai (ya), senpūda, Kokūra (ya), rengada.'' his roughly translates to,"If attacked in the light, I will strike back in the light. If attacked in the dark, I will strike in the dark. If attacked from all quarters, I will strike as a whirlwind does. If attacked from the empty sky, I will thrash with a flail."
One day, a man named Chō Haku of Ho Nan province heard these words and revered the priest Fuke for his great virtue. He appealed to the priest for permission to follow him, but the priest did not accept him.
Haku had previously had a taste for playing pipes. Having listened to the sound of the Priest's bell, he at once made a ambooflute and imitated the sound. hereafter
The afterlife (also referred to as life after death) is a purported existence in which the essential part of an individual's identity or their stream of consciousness continues to live after the death of their physical body. The surviving ess ...
he played the sound untiringly on the flute and never played other pieces
Since he made the sound of the bell on his flute, he named the flute ''kyotaku''...
(The term ''kyotaku'' means "empty bell" in Japanese. "Empty bell" can also be translated as ''Kyorei'', which happens to be the name of one of the ''san koten
honkyoku
''Honkyoku'' (本曲, "original pieces") are the pieces of shakuhachi music collected in the 18th century by a Komuso of the Japanese Fuke sect Kinko Kurosawa. It was believed that these pieces were played by the members of the Fuke Sect. The Fuk ...
'' (Japanese: "three classic original pieces"; also known as the ''Bekkaku''), honkyoku (Japanese: 本曲, "original pieces") being the traditional musical pieces for shakuhachi played by the mendicant monks of the Fuke sect for alms and enlightenment. The "three classic original pieces" are probably not as old as thought. The earliest reference to any pieces played by the komusō is from 1664, and in that text the so-called "three classics" are not mentioned. The earliest reference to these three pieces would than be the 1795 publication of the ''Kyotaku Denki Kokuji-kai''.
Fuke's
gatha
''Gāthā'' is a Sanskrit term for 'song' or 'verse', especially referring to any poetic metre which is used in legends, and is not part of the Vedas but peculiar to either Epic Sanskrit or to Prakrit. The word is originally derived from the Sansk ...
is sometimes called "Shidanoge".
Another version of the story portrays Chō Haku attempting to become the student of Zhang Bai instead of Puhua directly, as in this version Zhang Bai is depicted as a student who garnered favor from Puhua and so had become admired by Chō Haku.
It was believed by the historical komusō that the tradition that led to ''suizen'' was handed down by Chō Haku through his family and eventually reached its way to Japan by way of the monk Kakushin, to the komusō and later the founder of Myoanji—at one time the head temple of the Fuke-shū in Kyoto and still a place of profound importance for many shakuhachi, Fuke Zen and Rinzai Zen enthusiasts the world over—Kyochiku Zenji (also known as Kichiku).
Death
Fuke's death is related as follows:
"One day at the street market Fuke was begging all and sundry to give him a robe. Everybody offered him one, but he did not want any of them. The master injimade the superior buy a coffin, and when Fuke returned, said to him: "There, I had this robe made for you." Fuke shouldered the coffin, and went back to the street market, calling loudly: "Rinzai had this robe made for me! I am off to the East Gate to enter transformation" (to die)." The people of the market crowded after him, eager to look. Fuke said: "No, not today. Tomorrow, I shall go to the South Gate to enter transformation." And so for three days. Nobody believed it any longer. On the fourth day, and now without any spectators, Fuke went alone outside the city walls, and laid himself into the coffin. He asked a traveler who chanced by to nail down the lid.
The news spread at once, and the people of the market rushed there. On opening the coffin, they found that the body had vanished, but from high up in the sky they heard the ring of his hand bell."
Legacy
Hisamatsu Fūyō(1791–1871), the factual leader of Kinko-ryū after the Kurosawa Kinko III writes the following regarding Fuke:
Q. "What kind of person was Fuke Zenji?"
A. "I do not know. Better ask someone with more knowledge of Zen."
Q. "Wasn't Fuke the ancestor of shakuhachi? If one follows this path but doesn't know its origins, is that not a sign of immaturity?"
A. "As for myself, because I understand the source of shakuhachi, I say I do not know Fuke. Fuke was an enlightened man, but I do not think he sought his enlightenment by playing shakuhachi. He cannot be compared to an ignorant blind person like me who plays shakuhachi because he enjoys it and has gradually come to know that shakuhachi is a Zen instrument. Even if Fuke had played shakuhachi, it would only have been a passing fancy. His practice of shakuhachi would not compare to my training for many years. If Fuke were to come alive again in this generation he would surely become my disciple and ask me to show him the way. If you look at records from the time of Fuke, and if you know all about his life, but you do not know his enlightenment, then you do not know Fuke. On the other hand, a person who knows nothing of his life, but knows his enlightenment, he knows Fuke. I do not know him yet."
See also
*
Buddhism in China
Chinese Buddhism or Han Buddhism ( zh, s=汉传佛教, t=漢傳佛教, p=Hànchuán Fójiào) is a Chinese form of Mahayana Buddhism which has shaped Chinese culture in a wide variety of areas including art, politics, literature, philosophy, m ...
*
Buddhism in Japan
Buddhism has been practiced in Japan since about the 6th century CE. Japanese Buddhism () created many new Buddhist schools, and some schools are original to Japan and some are derived from Chinese Buddhist schools. Japanese Buddhism has had a ...
*
Fuke Zen The term "Fuke" is Japanese and may refer to:
* Fuke, known as Puhua, in Chinese, the legendary precursor to the eponymous Fuke Zen school of Buddhism in Japan
* Fuke Zen The term "Fuke" is Japanese and may refer to:
* Fuke, known as Puhua, in ...
**
Komusō
The (also romanized or ) were a group of Japanese mendicant monks of the Fuke school of Zen Buddhism who flourished during the Edo period (1603–1867). were characterized by a straw basket (a sedge or reed hood known as a ) worn on the h ...
**
Suizen
''Suizen'' (吹禅) (“blowing Zen”) is a Zen practice consisting of playing the traditional Japanese shakuhachi bamboo flute as a means of attaining self-realization.''The Annals of the International Shakuhachi Society'', Volume 1. Ed. Dan E M ...
***
Shakuhachi
A is a Japanese and ancient Chinese longitudinal, end-blown flute that is made of bamboo.
The bamboo end-blown flute now known as the was developed in Japan in the 16th century and is called the .
****
Hocchiku
The , sometimes romanized as or , is a Japanese aerophone, an end-blown bamboo flute, crafted from root sections of bamboo. The bamboo root is cleaned and sanded, resulting in a surface patterned with many small, circular knots where the root ...
***
Honkyoku
''Honkyoku'' (本曲, "original pieces") are the pieces of shakuhachi music collected in the 18th century by a Komuso of the Japanese Fuke sect Kinko Kurosawa. It was believed that these pieces were played by the members of the Fuke Sect. The Fuk ...
*
Ikkyū
was an eccentric, iconoclastic Japanese Zen Buddhist monk and poet. He had a great impact on the infusion of Japanese art and literature with Zen attitudes and ideals,Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, entry "Ikkyū" by James H. Sanford as well ...
*
List of Rinzai Buddhists {{short description, None
Founder
*Linji Yixuan
A
*Ankokuji Ekei
* Sōgen Asahina
*Ashikaga Yoshimitsu
B
*Bassui Tokushō
* George Bowman
C
*Sherry Chayat
* Chō Tsuratatsu
* Chūgan Engetsu
*Leonard Cohen
D
* Watazumi Doso
*Ji Gong
* Ogino D ...
*
Panshan Baoji
*Linder, Gunnar Jinmei (2012)
''Deconstructing'' Traditional ''Japanese Music: A Study on Shakuhachi, Historical Authenticity and Transmission of Tradition'' Stockholm University, PhD Diss.
References
770 births
9th-century deaths
Rinzai Buddhists
Tang dynasty Buddhist monks
Chan Buddhist monks
Zen patriarchs
Fuke Zen