Puerto Rico Fall Armyworm

The agriculture industry in Puerto Rico constitutes over $800 million or about 0.62% of the island's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020 . Currently the sector accounts for 15% of the food consumed locally. Experts from the University of Puerto Rico argued that these crops could cover approximately 30% of the local demand, particularly that of smaller vegetables such as tomatoes, lettuce, etc. and several kinds of tubers that are currently being imported. The existence of a thriving agricultural economy has been prevented due to a shift in priorities towards industrialization, bureaucratization, mismanagement of terrains, lack of alternative methods and a deficient workforce. Its geographical location within the Caribbean exacerbates these issues, making the scarce existing crops propense to the devastating effects of Atlantic hurricanes.

History

Agriculture or farming is concerned with the cultivation of plants, animals and other food sources that sustain life. It also involves growing crops for other purposes. Coffee production, and sugar cane production in Puerto Rico has had a history of ups and downs, affected by hurricanes and by its isolated location, and its political status as a colony of Spain and of the United States.

In 1900, the most important agricultural products in Puerto Rico were "cotton, rice, cacao, corn, coconuts, pepper, bananas, tobacco, vegetable dyes, coffee, sugar, pineapples and vanilla".

The impact in August 1899 of two hurricanes severely affected the island. The 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane on August 8, and an unnamed hurricane on August 22 killed approximately 3,400 people and left thousands without shelter, food, or work. The hurricanes cost the economy millions of dollars due to the destruction of the majority of the sugar and coffee plantations. Afterwards, nearly 5‚000 Puerto Ricans migrated to Hawaii by 1910 to work in the sugar plantations of said state.

In the 1940s and 1950s agriculture continued to play a crucial role in the island's economy with 45% of the labor force employed within the sector in 1940. The cultivation of pineapples was significant until the 1990s when the main buyer Lotus juice company closed.

In 2012, there were 13,159 farms in Puerto Rico. While not a state, Puerto Rico is a member of the Southern United States Trade Association, a non-profit organization that assists the agriculture industry in developing its exports. In early 2020, farm owners in Ponce reported on the continuing challenge of finding laborers.

New farms

As a result of the 2009 economic crisis and the susceptibility of Puerto Rico to hurricanes, there's been an urgency to push for more farms on the island. While not large enough to produce on a mass scale, the quality of products is high. Farming has a more positive image among young people in Puerto Rico, however, in places like Ponce, where the weather tends to be hotter, farm owners complain that the turnover rate is too high.

In September 2019, an initiative to diminish the amount of coffee that is imported to Puerto Rico was announced by the Hispanic Federation, leading 1,500 Puerto Rico coffee growers.

Crops

Corn (maize) is commonly grown here, including strains of Bt corn producing the Cry1F endotoxin. This has produced extensive Cry1F resistance. One important pest this protects against is the (FAW, ''Spodoptera frugiperda''), including Cry1F-resistant FAW. In 2007 Cry1F resistance in FAW was confirmed here and Dow and Pioneer withdrew their Cry1F corn Herculex I, released in 2003 from use here. Nonetheless other Cry1F corns are still commonly grown here.

By contrast Storer ''et al.'', 2012 notes no such resistance from the mainland of the United States (up to their publication), showing a lack of movement of FAW from here to there. Then in 2014 Huang ''et al.'' found alleles that are shared with FAW populations on the US mainland. Due to this history of detections, migration from PR is probably the source of Cry1F-resistance FAW there and not the other way around.

On the other hand Banerjee ''et al.'', 2017 finds Cry1F-r in Puerto Rico is commonly caused by a particular mutation in ', the resistance allele '. ''SfABCC2'' is the FAW version of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (ATP Binding Cassette subfamily C2, ABCC2). They did not find a single such allele in Florida in 2012, 2014, or 2016. These very disparate prevalences fail to support any substantial immigration of FAW from PR to Florida, contrary to earlier studies including Huang above.

The use of two or more effective Cry proteins may be necessary to provide multiple modes of action for resistance management.

Both the Fall Armyworm C-strain and -R-strain are found here, and are shared with Louisiana. These strains were first discovered by Pashley 1986 via a genetic analysis of the PR and La populations, showing segregation on host preference. Both have since been found elsewhere around the world.

Gallery

Mango tree with fruit in Rincón, Puerto Rico.jpg, Mango tree in Rincón
Sugar cane land 1a34028v.jpg, In 1941 sugar cane production surged in Río Piedras, now a district of San Juan
Sack of oranges at the Acabe del Café festival in Maricao, Puerto Rico.jpg, Oranges at festival in Maricao
Holes ready for the trees (7210981860).jpg, Preparing to plant in Maricao
Team work (7210990382).jpg, Students plant a tree at a school in Maricao
Hacienda Lealtad, former coffee plantation using slave labor in Lares, Puerto Rico 14.jpg, Newly planted coffee trees at ''Hacienda Lealtad'' in Lares after Hurricane Maria in 2017 destroyed all its coffee trees
Vegetable stand at Fiesta Acabe del Café in Maricao, Puerto Rico.jpg, Vegetable and fruit stand at in Maricao in 2014
Cayey, 00736, Puerto Rico - panoramio (1).jpg, Avocado harvest in Cayey
Coffee-Drying plot near Mayaguez.jpg, Coffee near Mayagüez in 1899

See also

* Politics of Puerto Rico

References

Further reading

*

External links

USDA Puerto Rico

Puerto Rican Identity - Library of Congress Teaching with Primary Sources

{{Portal bar, Puerto Rico, Agriculture and Agronomy

Economy of Puerto Rico