Pteropus Insularis

''Pteropus pelagicus'' is a species of fruit bat in the family Pteropodidae. It includes two subspecies that were formerly recognized as full species— ''Pteropus insularis'' (Chuuk flying fox) and ''Pteropus phaeocephalus'' (Mortlock flying fox). It is endemic to Micronesia. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Etymology and taxonomy

The species was described by German naturalist Heinrich von Kittlitz in 1836.
He gave it the species name '' pelagicus'' .Kittlitz FH. (1836. eprinted 1971 Observation Zoologiques faites pendant l’expédition de la corvette Le Séniavine. In: Lütke F, Voyage autour du monde, 1826–1829, Volume 3 Bibliotheca Australiana No. 60. Da Capo Press, New York, 237–330

In 2013, a study was published that challenged the status of the Chuuk flying fox and the Mortlock flying fox as species.
The study stated that the Chuuk flying fox was not significantly different from the Mortlock flying fox, and that they represent two subspecies of the same species, which should be called ''Pteropus pelagicus''. They proposed that the Chuuk flying fox be referred to as ''P. p. insularis'', and the Mortlock flying fox be referred to as ''P. p. pelagicus''. The study also concluded that the closest relative of ''P. pelagicus'' is the Guam flying fox, based on morphology.Buden, D. W., Helgen, K. M., & Wiles, G. J. (2013). Taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of flying foxes (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) in the Mortlock Islands and Chuuk State, Caroline Islands. ZooKeys, (345), 97.
A 2014 study that used genetics also concluded that the Guam flying fox was the sister taxon to ''P. pelagicus''.
There are currently two recognized subspecies of ''Pteropus pelagicus'', both of which were formerly recognized as distinct species.
* ''P. p. pelagicus'' Kittlitz, 1836 (Nomoi Islands)
* ''P. p. insularis'' Hombron and Jacquinot, 1842 (Islands of Chuuk Lagoon and Namonuito Atoll)
The authors of the 2013 study suggested that the common name of Chuuk flying fox be retained to refer to ''Pteropus pelagicus''. They recommended it over the name "Mortlock flying fox" because there is a tradition of using geographic-based common names for flying foxes of the Caroline Islands.

According to traditional classification, ''P. pelagicus'' is in the ''P. pselaphon'' species group.
However, more recent genetic analysis places it in the newly-described ''P. pelagicus'' species group, consisting of the following species:
*''Pteropus pelagicus''
*Guam flying fox, ''Pteropus tokudae''
*Big-eared flying fox, ''Pteropus macrotis''
*Dwarf flying fox, ''Pteropus woodfordi''
*Lesser flying fox, ''Pteropus mahaganus''
*Gilliard's flying fox, ''Pteropus gilliardorum''
*Caroline flying fox, ''Pteropus molossinus''

Description

The heads of the adults are creamy white, buff, or tawny in adults.
The heads of the juveniles are grayish brown, lacking red or yellow highlights.
The back and rump are dark brown, with lighter hairs interspersed throughout.
Their faces are dark brown to almost black, while the tops of the heads are brown or grayish brown.
Their throats and chests are light brown or reddish brown, while their lower abdomen is darker brown.
Many individuals have a large white patch on their bellies.
Individual hairs are long.
''P. p. pelagicus'' has more contrast in its coloration than ''P. p. insularis'', and they also tend to have larger abdominal white patches.
Their forearms are long.
They weigh .

Biology

''P. p. pelagicus'' roosts in small groups of 5-10 individuals, although gatherings as large as 27 have been observed.
They eat breadfruit, bananas, papaya, and ''Pandanus'' fruits.
In July, many of the females have pups, though larger pups have also been observed in April.
Copulation has been observed in December.

''P. p. insularis'' roosts in larger groups of up to 100 individuals; they are considered a "strongly colonial" species.
Individuals are sometimes found by themselves, though.
It is considered at least somewhat diurnal, unlike most flying foxes which are mostly nocturnal.Pierson, E. D., & Rainey, W. E. (1992, July). The biology of flying foxes of the genus Pteropus: a review. In Pacific island flying foxes: proceedings of an international conservation conference (Vol. 90, pp. 1-17). US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.

Range and habitat

''P. pelagicus'' is located on the Nomoi Islands, Chuuk Lagoon, and Namonuito Atoll. All three locations are within the Federated States of Micronesia. ''P. p. pelagicus'' is found on the Nomoi islands, while ''P. p. insularis'' is located on the other two sites. The range of the two subspecies is separated by .Rainey WE, Pierson ED. (1992) Distribution of Pacific island flying foxes. In: Wilson DE, Graham GL. (Eds). Pacific island flying foxes: proceedings of an international conservation conference. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 90(23): 111-121Kepler AK. (1994) Report: Chuuk coastal resource inventory, terrestrial surveys, August 4–14, 1993.Administrative report to CORIAL (Coastal, Ocean, Reef, and Island Advisors, Ltd.), Federated States of Micronesia Government, The Nature Conservancy Hawaii, and East-West Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.Flannery TF. (1995) Mammals of the south-west Pacific & Moluccan Islands. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
The entire range of ''P. p. pelagicus'' is only , with 75% of the population occurring on Satawan and Lukunor atolls.

Conservation

When they were still considered separate species, the IUCN assessed that both the Chuuk flying fox and the Mortlock flying fox were critically endangered.Helgen, K. & Wiles, G. 2010. Pteropus insularis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2010: e.T18730A8512587. http://www.iucnredlist.org/pdflink.8512587Duff, A., & Lawson, A. (2004). Mammals of the world: a checklist. Yale University Press.
The IUCN has not yet assessed the status of ''Pteropus pelagicus'', however.
''P. p. pelagicus'' is threatened by climate change, as the atolls where they live are only above sea level.
Climate change is also projected to increase the frequency and intensity of typhoons, which negatively impact both subspecies.
Based on censuses, the population of ''P. p. pelagicus'' was estimated at 925–1,200 individuals in 2004.
Unlike other species of flying fox, there does not appear to be much of a bushmeat trade in this species.
Micronesians reportedly disdain flying foxes as food because they urinate on themselves and Micronesians view them as rat-like vermin.
Other threats potentially include introduced predators such as cats, rats, and mangrove monitors.

In 1986, there were an estimated 5,628 ''P. p. insularis'', but a steep decline took place.
In two years (1988-1989), 3,723 of them were exported to Guam for human consumption.
''P. p. insularis'' is not as threatened by climate change as the ''pelagicus'' subspecies, because its range has greater elevation.

''P. pelagicus'' was protected under CITES Appendix II in 1987, which was criticized by bat conservationists for not taking strict enough measures to protect flying foxes.
It was protected under CITES Appendix I in 1989, making commercial trade of it illegal.
Brautigan, A. (1992, July). Conservation of Pacific island flying foxes and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora. In Pacific island flying foxes: proceedings of an international conservation conference (DE Wilson and GL Graham, eds.). United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC (pp. 155-159).

Sources

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2129846

Bats of Oceania
Fauna of Micronesia
Mammals described in 1836
Pteropus
Taxa named by Heinrich von Kittlitz
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot