''Pteroptyx'' is a genus of fireflies in the subfamily Luciolinae found in Southeast Asia. It has long been noted for the ability to perform synchronous flashing, though not all species synchronize. These synchronizing species have been found on so-called 'firefly trees' and created a growing firefly-watching tour industry in some regions. Species of the genus have been identified in Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Hong Kong.

Identification

The genus ''Pteroptyx'' was first proposed by

Ernest Olivier Joseph Ernest Olivier (January 6, 1844 – January 26, 1914) was a French entomologist and botanist, known as a specialist in fireflies (Lampyridae). As of 1888 he was founder and editor of the journal ''Revue scientifique du Bourbonnais et du ce ...

in 1902 for '' Luciola''-like species. He identified two species, ''Luciola malaccae'' and ''Luciola testacea,'' which were later reassigned to the ''Pteroptyx'' genus. Three subsequent species, ''P. tener'', ''P. bearni'', and ''P. valida'' were described by Olivier between 1907 and 1909. Much of the work revising the genera within ''Luciolinae'' has been done by Australian entomologist

Lesley Ballantyne Lesley is a placename, given name and surname, a variant of Leslie that can be male or female name and is ultimately an anglicization of a Scottish (Gaelic) placename. Places * Fort Lesley J. McNair, American army facility * Lesley University, Am ...

, beginning in 1970. The genus was originally defined based on characteristics of adult males: deflexed elytral apex, trisinuate ventrite 7, and a metafemoral comb. However some of the recently assigned species do not have either the deflexed elytral apex or the metafemoral comb. Developments in molecular sequencing techniques have improved the ability of entomologists to identify and delineate new species based on only female or larval specimens that were not collected in association with males. Jusoh et al. (2014) used these techniques to propose a new species, ''P. balingiana'', as distinct from ''P. malaccae'', but it has not been widely accepted.

Ecology

The males of two species, ''P. malaccae'' and ''P. tener'', are often found in large groups on certain trees and perform synchronized flashing displays to attract females for mating. The first report of these synchronous displays was recorded in Thailand over a century ago, although the number of fireflies have decreased, likely due to the reduction of the necessary mangrove forests due to urbanization and shrimp farming in Thailand. Pollution and habitat loss have resulted in the loss of nearly all ''Pteroptyx'' populations from the area around Bangkok. Many of the species examined by Jusoh et al. in 2018 using genetic sequencing of the

mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial D ...

were associated with mangroves, as their larva need a continuously damp environment to develop. As a result, many of the species in the genus are at risk of habitat loss due to damage of mangroves as a result of rising sea levels from climate change.

Human interaction

Boat tours for observing the congregating, synchronous flashing of ''Pteroptyx'' species are popular in the

Sundaic region Sundaland (also called Sundaica or the Sundaic region) is a biogeographical region of South-eastern Asia corresponding to a larger landmass that was exposed throughout the last 2.6 million years during periods when sea levels were lower. It ...

of southern Thailand and Malaysia. This form of ecotourism has been used to stress the importance of mangrove protection and preservation, as many of the tour operators are local fishermen earning supplemental income.

Species

As described by Ballantyne & Lambkin in 2015, there are 17 known species in ''Pteroptyx''.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q18591556 Lampyridae genera Bioluminescent insects Fauna of Asia Lampyridae