''Psycho-Cybernetics'' is a
self-help book
A self-help book is one that is written with the intention to instruct its readers on solving personal problems. The books take their name from '' Self-Help'', an 1859 best-seller by Samuel Smiles, but are also known and classified under "self- ...
written by
Maxwell Maltz
Maxwell Maltz (March 10, 1899 – April 7, 1975) was an American cosmetic surgeon and author of ''Psycho-Cybernetics'' (1960), which was a system of ideas that he claimed could improve one's self-image leading to a more successful and fulfilling l ...
in 1960.
Motivational and
self-help
Self-help or self-improvement is a self-guided improvement''APA Dictionary of Physicology'', 1st ed., Gary R. VandenBos, ed., Washington: American Psychological Association, 2007.—economically, intellectually, or emotionally—often with a subst ...
experts in personal development, including
Zig Ziglar
Hilary Hinton Ziglar (November 6, 1926 – November 28, 2012) was an American author, salesman, and motivational speaker.
Biography Early life and education
Zig Ziglar was born prematurely in Coffee County, Alabama, to John Silas Ziglar ...
,
Tony Robbins
Anthony Jay Robbins (né Mahavoric, born February 29, 1960) is an American author, coach, speaker, and philanthropist. He is known for his infomercials, seminars, and self-help books including the books '' Unlimited Power'' and ''Awaken the G ...
,
Brian Tracy
Brian Tracy is a Canadian-American motivational public speaker and self-development author. He is the author of over eighty books that have been translated into dozens of languages. His popular books are ''Earn What You're Really Worth'', ''Ea ...
have based their techniques on Maxwell Maltz. Many of the psychological methods of training elite
athlete
An athlete (also sportsman or sportswoman) is a person who competes in one or more sports that involve physical strength, speed, or endurance.
Athletes may be professionals or amateurs. Most professional athletes have particularly well-devel ...
s are based on the concepts in Psycho-Cybernetics as well.
The book combines the
cognitive behavioral technique of teaching an individual how to regulate
self-concept
In the psychology of self, one's self-concept (also called self-construction, self-identity, self-perspective or self-structure) is a collection of beliefs about oneself. Generally, self-concept embodies the answer to the question ''"Who am I? ...
, using theories developed by
Prescott Lecky Prescott Lecky (November 1, 1892 – May 30, 1941) was a lecturer of Psychology at Columbia University from 1924 to 1934. At a time when American psychology was dominated by behaviorism, he developed the concept of self-help as a method in psych ...
, with the
cybernetics
Cybernetics is a wide-ranging field concerned with circular causality, such as feedback, in regulatory and purposive systems. Cybernetics is named after an example of circular causal feedback, that of steering a ship, where the helmsperson m ...
of
Norbert Wiener
Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894 – March 18, 1964) was an American mathematician and philosopher. He was a professor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). A child prodigy, Wiener later became an early researcher i ...
and
John von Neumann
John von Neumann (; hu, Neumann János Lajos, ; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, engineer and polymath. He was regarded as having perhaps the widest cove ...
. The book defines the mind-body connection as the core in succeeding in attaining personal goals.
['Psycho-Cybernetics' Author; Plastic Surgeon Tries to Heal Inner Scars]
''Los Angeles Times'', November 2, 1973.
Maltz found that his plastic surgery patients often had expectations that were not satisfied by the surgery, so he pursued a means of helping them set the goal of a positive outcome through
visualization
Visualization or visualisation may refer to:
*Visualization (graphics), the physical or imagining creation of images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message
* Data visualization, the graphic representation of data
* Information visualiz ...
of that positive outcome.
[ Patients thinking that surgery will solve their problems is an example of the XY problem. Maltz became interested in why setting goals works. He learned that the power of ]self-affirmation
Self-affirmation theory is a psychological theory that focuses on how individuals adapt to information or experiences that are threatening to their self-concept. Claude Steele originally popularized self-affirmation theory in the late 1980s,St ...
and mental visualization techniques used the connection between the mind and the body. He specified techniques to develop a positive inner goal as a means of developing a positive outer goal. This concentration on inner attitudes is essential to his approach, as he believes that a person's outer success can never rise above the one visualized internally.
The operator and the "mechanism"
Maxwell Maltz
Maxwell Maltz (March 10, 1899 – April 7, 1975) was an American cosmetic surgeon and author of ''Psycho-Cybernetics'' (1960), which was a system of ideas that he claimed could improve one's self-image leading to a more successful and fulfilling l ...
drew inspiration from Norbert Wiener's book, ''Cybernetics'', which describes both animals and the self-guided missiles he helped develop in WWII as goal-seeking mechanisms.
In ''Psycho-Cybernetics'', Maltz observed from Wiener's work the following on cybernetic mechanisms:
# There's a "mechanism" which
#: can accept a "goal"
#: has sensing equipment (cameras, radar, infrared, lasers)
#: has a propulsion system
#: has a correcting device
#: has some form of memory
# The operator gives the mechanism a goal and "starts" it
# During propulsion, the mechanism subtracts what it senses from the goal from the data received
#: If on track, nothing is done and it keeps going
#: If off track, the correcting device shifts until "the goal minus what it senses" is on track.
# The mechanism refers to successful moves in its memory, hitting the goal without having to search for the answer again.
He noted that Wiener sees that man operates the same way. From this, he drew the following conclusions on a human being:
# A person, for what is conscious, is "the operator", which can identify and offer goals
# What's traditionally called the "subconscious mind" isn't a "mind" but a cybernetic mechanism built on our nervous system.
#: it can accept a goal--''image'' and an ''emotion'' determines if it accepts it
#: The mechanism has sensing equipment like the eyes and ears
#: The various systems, primarily the musculature and nervous systems, propel the mechanism
#: The nervous system works with other systems as the correcting device
#: The memory can be used to see past successes, making future success more likely
# The operator gives a goal to the mechanism (called the "Automatic Success Mechanism" and "Automatic Failure Mechanism", which refer to the same mechanism).
# The mechanism responds ''no matter what'', whether the goal is "positive" or "negative". It will move toward it.
# The most powerful goal image is an image of ourselves, because it causes a wide variety of useful or harmful behaviors from the mechanism.
# When successful responses are found, we can remember past successes, and our mechanism will repeat the successful response.
The core of nearly all bad results is the conscious giving bad goal images to the mechanism.
Maltz viewed worry, or focusing on negative possibilities, as generating negative goal images that cause the mechanism, the subconscious, the set of human systems like the musculature, to drive toward it. At the same time, he viewed it as evidence that you could generate goal imagery, and that you could "worry" about positive images instead of negative.
Positive results come from a positive goal focus. To see positive goals, he says that we need a realistic and adequate self-image that recognizes these goals as possible and consistent with the self.
He refers heavily to Prescott Lecky's idea that whatever is not consistent with the system of ideas a person has will get rejected. To have positive goals that the mechanism will move toward, the system of ideas, primarily the self-image, needs to be set so that the positive goal image will be consistent with the other ideas. This will allow the operator to comfortably keep the goal image in mind, which the mechanism will act on.
Other key ideas
Maltz also teaches that:
* We act on our mental representation of things, not the things themselves. We could respond with fear appropriate to seeing a bear, whether it's an actual bear, an actor, or a large shaggy dog.
* Negative feedback should be used to correct toward our goals. If corrective action on negative feedback isn't progressing one toward a goal, the correct response is no response.
* In cybernetic mechanisms, once success is found, it is focused on and errors are forgotten. Maltz encourages readers to recall past failures and unhappy moments.
* He saw self-image change as self-image realization, "Oh, ''this'' is who I am". This is where dramatic behavior change happens.
* Hypnosis
Hypnosis is a human condition involving focused attention (the selective attention/selective inattention hypothesis, SASI), reduced peripheral awareness, and an enhanced capacity to respond to suggestion.In 2015, the American Psychologica ...
is the relaxed acceptance of ideas (beliefs). Accepted ideas determine what we're willing to see and therefore what goals we pass into the mechanism.
* Each (agonist) muscle has an opposite, antagonist muscle. When a hypnotist instructed a weight lifter that he couldn't pick up a pencil, he noted that the antagonistic muscles opposed his conscious effort, and he couldn't pick it up.
* Imagination: The first Key to Your Success Mechanism.
Reception
The book rapidly attained best-seller
A bestseller is a book or other media noted for its top selling status, with bestseller lists published by newspapers, magazines, and book store chains. Some lists are broken down into classifications and specialties (novel, nonfiction book, cookb ...
status and has remained in print continuously since 1960.
Posthumous editions
Several adaptations have been produced since Maltz's death in 1975.[CUMC Obituary Database]
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References
{{wikiquote, Maxwell Maltz
Personal development
Systems theory books
Self-help books