Pseudis Paradoxa01

''Pseudis'' is a genus of South American frogs (swimming frogs) in the family Hylidae. They are often common and frequently heard, but easily overlooked because of their camouflage and lifestyle, living in lakes, ponds, marshes and similar waters with extensive aquatic vegetation, often sitting at the surface among plants or on floating plants, but rapidly diving if disturbed. Whereas the adults are medium-sized frogs, their tadpoles are large; in some species the world's longest.Franklyn, D. (2015). . The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 7 January 2020

Distribution

''Pseudis'' species are distributed throughout tropical and subtropical South America, almost entirely east of the Andes (''P. paradoxa'' is the only species with populations west of the Andes, in Colombia). They are found from Trinidad to northern Argentina, being absent only in Ecuador and Chile, highland regions, and the southernmost part of South America. All species occur in Brazil, and ''P. bolbodactyla'', ''P. cardosoi'', ''P. fusca'' and ''P. tocantins'' are endemic to this country.

Description

These frogs have several adaptations to aquatic life, such as protuberant eyes, robust hind limbs, and fully webbed feet. Nevertheless, they belong to the "true" tree frogs, family Hylidae.

Breeding and feeding

Mating and egg-laying in ''Pseudis'' is typical of frogs. What sets them apart is their tadpoles that start out as fairly normal, but continue growing until reaching gigantic sizes, sometimes as much as in length in ''P. paradoxa'' and ''P. platensis''. They are the longest known tadpoles and also large compared to the adult frogs, which are in snout–to–vent length. Less data is available for the tadpoles of most others members of the genus, but they too reach large sizes, although perhaps somewhat less than ''P. paradoxa'' and ''P. platensis''. Their adult frogs also average somewhat smaller with snout–to–vent lengths of . However, there are two outliers in the genus: The closely related ''P. cardosoi'' and ''P. minuta'' (equalling the proposed genus ''Podonectes'', see '' Phylogenetic relationships'') have more normal tadpoles that are not known to surpass lengths of . This is still large compared to the adults of these two species, meaning that they too "shrink" during metamorphosis from tadpole to frog. In most if not all the species, there are noticeable local variations in the final size of the tadpoles, with those in large temporary waters with plenty of food and few aquatic predators growing larger than those in smaller waters with less food or waters with more aquatic predators. In at least the species with very large tadpoles, their final stages have unusually well-developed organs, including nearly ripe reproductive organs. This means that recently metamorphosed frogs rapidly reach maturity and essentially stop growing, whereas most other frogs take more time and growing after metamorphosis before they become mature.

''Pseudis'' is closely related to a second genus, ''Lysapsus'', that lacks giant tadpoles and in which adults are smaller, up to .

''Pseudis'' tadpoles feed mostly on a wide range of algae, but also take small invertebrates. The adult frogs feed mostly on land-based insects and spiders, but also other land-based or aquatic invertebrates, small frogs and—in some species—plant material.

Species

There are seven species in this genus (given that ''Lysapsus'' is accepted as a separate genus). Until the late 1990s and early 2000s, most authorities only recognized ''P. minuta'' and ''P. paradoxa'', but ''P. cardosoi'' was described in 2010 (having formerly been included as a population of ''P. minuta''), while the remaining were considered subspecies, synonyms or populations of ''P. paradoxa''. The validity of ''P. platensis'' as a species separate from ''P. paradoxa'' is questionable.

Phylogenetic relationships

The phylogenetic position of frogs currently included in the genus ''Pseudis'' in relation to other anurans was for a long time a matter of debate. They have been placed in Ranidae, Leptodactylidae, Hylidae, and as their own family Pseudidae This results from their highly derived body plan for a hylid frog due to their mostly aquatic habits. Recent morphologicalDA SILVA, H. R. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of the family Hylidae with emphasis on the relationships within the subfamily Hylinae (Amphibia: Anura). Department of Systematics and Ecology. University of Kansas. and molecularDARST, C. R., and D. C. CANNATELLA. 2004. Novel relationships among hyloid frogs inferred from 12S and 16S mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 31:462-475. phylogenetic reconstructions have unambiguously placed them within the subfamily Hylinae with ''Scarthyla'' as a sister group.

Phylogenetic relationships among species of the group were recently proposed using molecular evidences.GARDA, A. A., and D. C. CANNATELLA. 2007. Phylogeny and biogeography of paradoxical frogs (Anura, Hylidae, Pseudae) inferred from 12S and 16S mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44:104-114.AGUIAR-JR., O., M. BACCI JR, A. P. LIMA, D. C. ROSSA-FERES, C. F. B. HADDAD, and S. M. RECCO-PIMENTEL. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships of ''Pseudis'' and ''Lysapsus'' (Anura, Hylidae, Hylinae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Cladistics. 23:455-463. Both publications found identical trees, but proposed different taxonomic solutions for the nonmonophyly of ''Pseudis'', either resurrecting the genus ''Podonectes'' or placing ''Lysapsus'' as a junior synonym of ''Pseudis''. More recent molecular evidence did not find ''Pseudis'' paraphyletic with respect to ''Lysapsus'', so the synonymy is unnecessary.

References

External links

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q1059221

Hylidae
Amphibians of South America
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Johann Georg Wagler