Psalm 104 is the 104th psalm of the
Book of Psalms
The Book of Psalms ( or ; he, תְּהִלִּים, , lit. "praises"), also known as the Psalms, or the Psalter, is the first book of the ("Writings"), the third section of the Tanakh, and a book of the Old Testament. The title is derived f ...
, beginning in English in the
King James Version
The King James Version (KJV), also the King James Bible (KJB) and the Authorized Version, is an Bible translations into English, English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, which was commissioned in 1604 and publis ...
: "Bless the LORD, O my soul. O LORD my God, thou art very great". In Latin, it is known as "Benedic anima mea Domino".
In the slightly different
numbering system used in the Greek
Septuagint
The Greek Old Testament, or Septuagint (, ; from the la, septuaginta, lit=seventy; often abbreviated ''70''; in Roman numerals, LXX), is the earliest extant Greek translation of books from the Hebrew Bible. It includes several books beyond th ...
and the Latin
Vulgate
The Vulgate (; also called (Bible in common tongue), ) is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible.
The Vulgate is largely the work of Jerome who, in 382, had been commissioned by Pope Damasus I to revise the Gospels u ...
version of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 103.
Psalm 104 is used as a regular part of
Jewish
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
, Eastern Orthodox,
Catholic
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
,
Lutheran
Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched th ...
,
Anglican
Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that has developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It is one of th ...
and other Protestant liturgies. It has often been set to music, including works by
John Dowland
John Dowland (c. 1563 – buried 20 February 1626) was an English Renaissance composer, lutenist, and singer. He is best known today for his melancholy songs such as "Come, heavy sleep", " Come again", "Flow my tears", " I saw my Lady weepe", ...
,
Heinrich Schütz
Heinrich Schütz (; 6 November 1672) was a German early Baroque composer and organist, generally regarded as the most important German composer before Johann Sebastian Bach, as well as one of the most important composers of the 17th century. He ...
,
Philip Glass
Philip Glass (born January 31, 1937) is an American composer and pianist. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential composers of the late 20th century. Glass's work has been associated with minimal music, minimalism, being built up fr ...
and
William Lovelady.
Text
Hebrew Bible version
The following is the Hebrew text of Psalm 104:
King James Version
# Bless the LORD, O my soul. O LORD my God, thou art very great; thou art clothed with honour and majesty.
# Who coverest thyself with light as with a garment: who stretchest out the heavens like a curtain:
# Who layeth the beams of his chambers in the waters: who maketh the clouds his chariot: who walketh upon the wings of the wind:
# Who maketh his angels spirits; his ministers a flaming fire:
# Who laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be removed for ever.
# Thou coveredst it with the deep as with a garment: the waters stood above the mountains.
# At thy rebuke they fled; at the voice of thy thunder they hasted away.
# They go up by the mountains; they go down by the valleys unto the place which thou hast founded for them.
# Thou hast set a bound that they may not pass over; that they turn not again to cover the earth.
# He sendeth the springs into the valleys, which run among the hills.
# They give drink to every beast of the field: the wild asses quench their thirst.
# By them shall the fowls of the heaven have their habitation, which sing among the branches.
# He watereth the hills from his chambers: the earth is satisfied with the fruit of thy works.
# He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the service of man: that he may bring forth food out of the earth;
# And wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and oil to make his face to shine, and bread which strengtheneth man's heart.
# The trees of the LORD are full of sap; the cedars of Lebanon, which he hath planted;
# Where the birds make their nests: as for the stork, the fir trees are her house.
# The high hills are a refuge for the wild goats; and the rocks for the conies.
# He appointed the moon for seasons: the sun knoweth his going down.
# Thou makest darkness, and it is night: wherein all the beasts of the forest do creep forth.
# The young lions roar after their prey, and seek their meat from God.
# The sun ariseth, they gather themselves together, and lay them down in their dens.
# Man goeth forth unto his work and to his labour until the evening.
# O LORD, how manifold are thy works! in wisdom hast thou made them all: the earth is full of thy riches.
# So is this great and wide sea, wherein are things creeping innumerable, both small and great beasts.
# There go the ships: there is that leviathan, whom thou hast made to play therein.
# These wait all upon thee; that thou mayest give them their meat in due season.
# That thou givest them they gather: thou openest thine hand, they are filled with good.
# Thou hidest thy face, they are troubled: thou takest away their breath, they die, and return to their dust.
# Thou sendest forth thy spirit, they are created: and thou renewest the face of the earth.
# The glory of the LORD shall endure for ever: the LORD shall rejoice in his works.
# He looketh on the earth, and it trembleth: he toucheth the hills, and they smoke.
# I will sing unto the LORD as long as I live: I will sing praise to my God while I have my being.
# My meditation of him shall be sweet: I will be glad in the LORD.
# Let the sinners be consumed out of the earth, and let the wicked be no more. Bless thou the LORD, O my soul. Praise ye the LORD.
Content
One of the longer psalms, Psalm 104 is traditionally divided into 35 verses. It begins by describing the
glory of God
Glory (from the Latin ''gloria'', "fame, renown") is used to describe the manifestation of God's presence as perceived by humans according to the Abrahamic religions.
Divine glory is an important motif throughout Christian theology, where God i ...
("Who coverest thyself with light as with a garment" v. 2).
* Verse 5 asserts that God has "laid the foundations [] of the Earth".
* Verses 6 to 13 concern the ordering of the waters, verses 14–18 vegetation and animal life, and verses 19–24 the Sun and the Moon, and the cycle of day and night.
* Verse 24 summarises: "O LORD, how manifold are thy works! in wisdom hast thou made them all: the earth is full of thy riches." (KJV)
* Verse 26 mentions the
Leviathan
Leviathan (; he, לִוְיָתָן, ) is a sea serpent noted in theology and mythology. It is referenced in several books of the Hebrew Bible, including Psalms, the Book of Job, the Book of Isaiah, the Book of Amos, and, according to some ...
(sea monster).
* Verses 27–30 emphasise how all creatures still depend on the ongoing attention and provision of the creator, and perish should he avert his attention.
* Verse 30 reads "Thou sendest forth thy spirit, they are created: and thou renewest the face of the earth." (KJV)
* The concluding verses (31–35) reiterate the power and glory of YHWH, and the composer expresses his adoration, and, in the final verse, his wish that the sinners () and wicked () be "consumed out of the earth".
In the Masoretic text, the phrase
Hallelujah
''Hallelujah'' ( ; he, ''haləlū-Yāh'', meaning "praise Yah") is an interjection used as an expression of gratitude to God. The term is used 24 times in the Hebrew Bible (in the book of Psalms), twice in deuterocanonical books, and four tim ...
is placed at the end of the final verse. This is lacking in the
Septuagint
The Greek Old Testament, or Septuagint (, ; from the la, septuaginta, lit=seventy; often abbreviated ''70''; in Roman numerals, LXX), is the earliest extant Greek translation of books from the Hebrew Bible. It includes several books beyond th ...
and the
Vulgate
The Vulgate (; also called (Bible in common tongue), ) is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible.
The Vulgate is largely the work of Jerome who, in 382, had been commissioned by Pope Damasus I to revise the Gospels u ...
, but it is rendered by the KJV as "Praise ye the LORD".
The subject matter and its presentation are closely related both to the first
Genesis creation narrative
The Genesis creation narrative is the creation myth of both Judaism and Christianity. The narrative is made up of two stories, roughly equivalent to the first two chapters of the Book of Genesis. In the first, Elohim (the Hebrew generic word ...
(Genesis 1, chronologically younger than the second version in Genesis 2) where likewise the waters are separated before the creation of Sun and Moon, and to older accounts of creation from the
Ancient Near East
The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, southeast Turkey, southwest Iran and northeastern Syria), ancient Egypt, ancient Iran ( Elam, ...
, both Mesopotamian and Egyptian. In particular, the Egyptian
Great Hymn to the Aten
The Great Hymn to the Aten is the longest of a number of hymn-poems written to the sun-disk deity Aten. Composed in the middle of the 14th century BC, it is varyingly attributed to the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh Akhenaten or his courtiers, depending ...
(14th century BC) is frequently cited as a predecessor. Biblical scholar
Mark S. Smith
Mark Stratton John Matthew Smith (born December 6, 1956) is an American biblical scholar, anthropologist, and professor.
Early life and education
Born in Paris to Donald Eugene Smith and Mary Elizabeth (Betty) Reichert, Smith grew up in Washin ...
has commented that "Despite enduring support for the comparison of the two texts, enthusiasm for even indirect influence has been tempered in recent decades. In some quarters, the argument for any form of influence is simply rejected outright. Still some Egyptologists, such as
Jan Assmann
Jan Assmann (born Johann Christoph Assmann; born 7 July 1938) is a German Egyptologist.
Life and works
Assmann studied Egyptology and classical archaeology in Munich, Heidelberg, Paris, and Göttingen. In 1966–67, he was a fellow of the German ...
and
Donald Redford
Donald Bruce Redford (born September 2, 1934) is a Canadian Egyptologist and archaeologist, currently Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies at Pennsylvania State University. He is married to Susan Redford, who is also an Egypto ...
, argue for Egyptian influence on both the
Amarna correspondence
The Amarna letters (; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between ...
(especially in EA 147) and on Psalm 104."
Uses
Judaism
*
Observant Jews recite Psalm 104 in its entirety every day during
morning services, and on certain occasions, such as the New Moon (
Rosh Chodesh
Rosh Chodesh or Rosh Hodesh ( he, ראש חודש; trans. ''Beginning of the Month''; lit. ''Head of the Month'') is the name for the first day of every month in the Hebrew calendar, marked by the birth of a new moon. It is considered a minor h ...
), though customs vary.
*Is recited following the Shabbat
Mincha
Mincha ( he, מִנחַה, pronounced as ; sometimes spelled ''Minchah'' or ''Minḥa'') is the afternoon prayer service in Judaism.
Etymology
The name ''Mincha'', meaning "present", is derived from the meal offering that accompanied each sacrif ...
between
Sukkot
or ("Booths, Tabernacles")
, observedby = Jews, Samaritans, a few Protestant denominations, Messianic Jews, Semitic Neopagans
, type = Jewish, Samaritan
, begins = 15th day of Tishrei
, ends = 21st day of Tishre ...
and
Shabbat Hagadol
Special Shabbatot are Jewish Shabbat days on which special events are commemorated. Variations in the liturgy and special customs differentiate them from the regular Sabbaths and each one is referred to by a special name; many communities also ad ...
.
*Verses 1–2 are recited upon donning the
tallit
A tallit ''talit'' in Modern Hebrew; ''tālēt'' in Sephardic Hebrew and Ladino language, Ladino; ''tallis'' in Ashkenazic Hebrew and Yiddish language, Yiddish. Mishnaic Hebrew, Mish. pl. טליות ''telayot''; Heb. pl. טליתות ''tallitot' ...
during
morning services.
*Verse 24 is part of
Hameir La'aretz in the
Blessings before the Shema during
Shacharit
''Shacharit'' ( he, שַחֲרִית ''šaḥăriṯ''), or ''Shacharis'' in Ashkenazi Hebrew, is the morning ''tefillah'' (prayer) of Judaism, one of the three daily prayers.
Different traditions identify different primary components of ...
and is found in
Pirkei Avot
Pirkei Avot ( he, פִּרְקֵי אָבוֹת; also transliterated as ''Pirqei Avoth'' or ''Pirkei Avos'' or ''Pirke Aboth''), which translates to English as Chapters of the Fathers, is a compilation of the ethics, ethical teachings and Maxim ...
Chapter 6, no. 10.
*Verse 31 is the first verse of
Yehi Kivod
Yehi kevod ( he, יְהִי כְבוֹד, lit= odwill be honored) is a prayer recited daily during pesukei dezimra prior to Ashrei. The prayer is a representation of God's exaltation in both the heavens and the earth.
The succession Yehi kevod h ...
in
Pesukei Dezimra, is part of
Baruch Hashem L'Olam during
Maariv
''Maariv'' or ''Maʿariv'' (, ), also known as ''Arvit'' (, ), is a Jewish prayer service held in the evening or night. It consists primarily of the evening ''Shema'' and '' Amidah''.
The service will often begin with two verses from Psalms, ...
, and is recited when opening the
Hakafot
Hakafot (הקפות plural); Hakafah (הקפה singular)—meaning " ocircle" or "going around" in Hebrew—are a Jewish ''minhag'' (tradition) in which people walk or dance around a specific object, generally in a religious setting.
In Judaism, ...
on
Simchat Torah
Simchat Torah or Simhat Torah (, lit., "Rejoicing with/of the Torah", Ashkenazi: ''Simchas Torah'') is a Jewish holiday that celebrates and marks the conclusion of the annual cycle of public Torah readings, and the beginning of a new cycle. Simch ...
.
New Testament
In the
New Testament
The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christ ...
, verse 4 is quoted in
Hebrews 1:7.
Eastern Orthodox
Its main liturgical usage in the
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, also called the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 220 million baptized members. It operates as a communion of autocephalous churches, each governed by its bishops via ...
is at the beginning of
vespers
Vespers is a service of evening prayer, one of the canonical hours in Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Catholic Church, Catholic (both Latin liturgical rites, Latin and Eastern Catholic Churches, Eastern), Lutheranism, Lutheran, and Anglican ...
(evening prayers) and the
all-night vigil The All-night vigil is a service of the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches consisting of an aggregation of the canonical hours of Compline (in Greek usage only), Vespers (or, on a few occasions, Great Compline), Matins, and the F ...
. While it is technically one of the elements of the vespers service prescribed for the senior reader (that is, the elder or abbot of a monastery, or in a parish the seniormost reader at the kliros), it is customarily read or
chant
A chant (from French ', from Latin ', "to sing") is the iterative speaking or singing of words or sounds, often primarily on one or two main pitches called reciting tones. Chants may range from a simple melody involving a limited set of notes ...
ed by a reader after the opening prayers of the service.
The psalm is meant to be read or chanted in a plain style at services of vespers which are not part of a vigil. When vespers is served as part of a vigil, an abbreviated musical version is usually sung by the choir. Several such musical arrangements of the psalm have been composed over the years; perhaps the most familiar is that found in the
Obikhod The Obikhod (Обиход церковного пения) is a collection of polyphonic Russian Orthodox liturgical chants forming a major tradition of Russian liturgical music; it includes both liturgical texts and psalm settings.
The original ...
, or common setting.
In the context of its vespers/vigil setting, this psalm is understood to be a hymn of creation, in all the fulness wherein God has created it – it speaks of animals, plants, waters, skies, etc. In the scope of the liturgical act, it is often taken to be
Adam
Adam; el, Ἀδάμ, Adám; la, Adam is the name given in Genesis 1-5 to the first human. Beyond its use as the name of the first man, ''adam'' is also used in the Bible as a pronoun, individually as "a human" and in a collective sense as " ...
's song, sung outside the closed gates of
Eden from which he has been expelled (cf. Genesis 3). While the reader chants the psalm, the priest stands outside the closed
Royal Doors wearing only his
epitrachilion, making this symbolism more evident.
Catholic Church
This psalm is used during the
Easter Vigil
Easter Vigil, also called the Paschal Vigil or the Great Vigil of Easter, is a liturgy held in traditional Christian churches as the first official celebration of the Resurrection of Jesus. Historically, it is during this liturgy that people are ba ...
on
Holy Saturday
Holy Saturday ( la, Sabbatum Sanctum), also known as Great and Holy Saturday (also Holy and Great Saturday), the Great Sabbath, Hallelujah Saturday (in Portugal and Brazil), Saturday of the Glory, Sabado de Gloria, and Black Saturday or Easter ...
night (the Vigil being the inauguration of the fifty-day Easter season, the end of
Holy Week
Holy Week ( la, Hebdomada Sancta or , ; grc, Ἁγία καὶ Μεγάλη Ἑβδομάς, translit=Hagia kai Megale Hebdomas, lit=Holy and Great Week) is the most sacred week in the liturgical year in Christianity. In Eastern Churches, w ...
– and by extension
Lent
Lent ( la, Quadragesima, 'Fortieth') is a solemn religious observance in the liturgical calendar commemorating the 40 days Jesus spent fasting in the desert and enduring temptation by Satan, according to the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke ...
– and the ending of the three-day
Easter Triduum of
Holy Thursday
Maundy Thursday or Holy Thursday (also known as Great and Holy Thursday, Holy and Great Thursday, Covenant Thursday, Sheer Thursday, and Thursday of Mysteries, among other names) is the day during Holy Week that commemorates the Washing of the ...
,
Good Friday
Good Friday is a Christian holiday commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus and his death at Calvary. It is observed during Holy Week as part of the Paschal Triduum. It is also known as Holy Friday, Great Friday, Great and Holy Friday (also Hol ...
, and Easter). In the Liturgy of the Word, the first reading is the
Creation story
A creation myth (or cosmogonic myth) is a symbolic narrative of how the world began and how people first came to inhabit it., "Creation myths are symbolic stories describing how the universe and its inhabitants came to be. Creation myths develop ...
of the
Book of Genesis
The Book of Genesis (from Greek ; Hebrew: בְּרֵאשִׁית ''Bəreʾšīt'', "In hebeginning") is the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. Its Hebrew name is the same as its first word, ( "In the beginning") ...
, and Psalm 104, which deals with the same material, is the
responsorial psalm
Responsorial psalmody primarily refers to the placement and use of the Psalm within the readings at a Christian service of the Eucharist. The Psalm chosen in such a context is often called the responsorial psalm. Although often associated with ...
. It is used again during Pentecost, at the end of the Easter season, as the
responsorial psalm
Responsorial psalmody primarily refers to the placement and use of the Psalm within the readings at a Christian service of the Eucharist. The Psalm chosen in such a context is often called the responsorial psalm. Although often associated with ...
for the Vigil and the Sunday Mass.
Popular culture
German philosopher
Johann Gottfried Herder
Johann Gottfried von Herder ( , ; 25 August 174418 December 1803) was a German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic. He is associated with the Enlightenment, ''Sturm und Drang'', and Weimar Classicism.
Biography
Born in Mohrun ...
remarked, "It is worth studying the Hebrew language for ten years in order to read Psalm 104 in the original".
Musician
Bob Marley
Robert Nesta Marley (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981; baptised in 1980 as Berhane Selassie) was a Jamaican singer, musician, and songwriter. Considered one of the pioneers of reggae, his musical career was marked by fusing elements o ...
believed that
cannabis
''Cannabis'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae. The number of species within the genus is disputed. Three species may be recognized: ''Cannabis sativa'', '' C. indica'', and '' C. ruderalis''. Alternatively ...
use was prevalent in the Bible, reading passages such as the 14th verse of Psalm 104 as showing approval of its usage.
Musical settings
In ''
The Whole Booke of Psalmes
Thomas East, (also spelled Easte, Est, or Este) (''c.''1540 – January 1609), was an English printer who specialised in music. He has been described as a publisher, but that claim is debatable (the specialties of printer and bookseller/publish ...
'', published by
Thomas Est in 1592, Psalm 104 is set by
John Dowland
John Dowland (c. 1563 – buried 20 February 1626) was an English Renaissance composer, lutenist, and singer. He is best known today for his melancholy songs such as "Come, heavy sleep", " Come again", "Flow my tears", " I saw my Lady weepe", ...
in English, "My soul praise the Lord".
Heinrich Schütz
Heinrich Schütz (; 6 November 1672) was a German early Baroque composer and organist, generally regarded as the most important German composer before Johann Sebastian Bach, as well as one of the most important composers of the 17th century. He ...
composed a four-part setting to a metric German text, "Herr, dich lob die Seele mein" for the 1628
Becker Psalter
The ''Becker Psalter'' is a German metrical psalter authored by the Leipzig theologian Cornelius Becker and first published by Jakob Apel in Leipzig in 1602 under the title ''Der Psalter Davids Gesangweis''. Several composers set the psalms contai ...
, SVW 202. In his 1726 cantata
''Es wartet alles auf dich'', BWV 187, Bach set verses 27 and 28 in the first
movement.
Psalm 104, verse 4, was arranged for mixed chorus by
Miriam Shatal
Miriam Shatal (מרים שתל; December 12, 1903 - 2006) was a Dutch-Israeli biologist, painter and composer of choral works.
Early life and education
Shatal was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands, as Marianne Schifra "Jannie" Pinkhof. Miriam was t ...
in 1960.
Psalm 104, in Hebrew, is set as part of ''
Akhnaten'', an opera by Philip Glass.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, later Philip Mountbatten; 10 June 1921 – 9 April 2021) was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. As such, he served as the consort of the British monarch from El ...
, commissioned a setting of Psalm 104 by
William Lovelady to mark his 75th birthday. An abridged version of the cantata for four-part choir and organ was performed for
his funeral service on 17 April 2021 in
St George's Chapel, Windsor
St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle in England is a castle chapel built in the late-medieval Perpendicular Gothic style. It is both a Royal Peculiar (a church under the direct jurisdiction of the monarch) and the Chapel of the Order of the Gart ...
.
References
Sources
*
Nosson Scherman
Nosson Scherman ( he, נתן שרמן, born 1935, Newark, New Jersey) is an American Haredi rabbi best known as the general editor of ArtScroll/Mesorah Publications.
Early life
Scherman was born and raised in Newark, New Jersey, where his paren ...
, ''
The Complete Artscroll Siddur'', Artscroll Mesorah Series (1985).
*
Hermann Gunkel
Hermann Gunkel (23 May 1862 – 11 March 1932), a German Old Testament scholar, founded form criticism. He also became a leading representative of the history of religions school.
His major works cover Genesis and the Psalms, and his major in ...
, ''Die Psalmen'' (1925, 6th ed. 1986), pp. 447ff.; English translation T. M. Horner, ''The Psalms: a form-critical introduction'' (1926, reprint 1967).
External links
*
*
* Text of Psalm 104 according to th
1928 Psaltertext in Hebrew and English, mechon-mamre.org
Bless the LORD, my soul! / LORD, my God, you are great indeed!United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
introduction and text, biblestudytools.com
Psalm 104 – LORD of All Creationenduringword.com
Psalm 104 / Refrain: I will sing to the Lord as long as I live.Church of England
The Church of England (C of E) is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain ...
Psalm 104at biblegateway.com
*
Charles H. SpurgeonPsalm 104detailed commentary, archive.spurgeon.org
Tehillim – Psalm 104 (Judaica Press)translation with
Rashi
Shlomo Yitzchaki ( he, רבי שלמה יצחקי; la, Salomon Isaacides; french: Salomon de Troyes, 22 February 1040 – 13 July 1105), today generally known by the acronym Rashi (see below), was a medieval French rabbi and author of a compre ...
's commentary at
Chabad.org
Chabad.org is the flagship website of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement. It was one of the first Jewish internet sites and the first and largest virtual congregation.
History
In 1988, Yosef Yitzchak Kazen, a Chabad rabbi, began creating ...
*
{{Psalms
104
Religious cosmologies