Proteocephalidae is a diverse family

tapeworm Eucestoda, commonly referred to as tapeworms, is the larger of the two subclasses of flatworms in the class Cestoda (the other subclass is Cestodaria). Larvae have six posterior hooks on the scolex (head), in contrast to the ten-hooked Cestodar ...

s with nearly 300 recognized species in 66 genera and 13 subfamilies, whose species are found in every continent. They are mainly parasites of siluriforms and other freshwater fishes, but also parasitize

reptile Reptiles, as most commonly defined are the animals in the class Reptilia ( ), a paraphyletic grouping comprising all sauropsids except birds. Living reptiles comprise turtles, crocodilians, squamates (lizards and snakes) and rhynchocephalians ( ...

s and

amphibian Amphibians are tetrapod, four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the Class (biology), class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terres ...

s. A typical proteocephalid life cycles include planktonic crustaceans, and small fish as intermediate hosts.

Subfamilies and Genera

* Family Proteocephalidae ** Subfamily Acanthotaeniinae Freze, 1963 *** ''Acanthotaenia'' von Linstow, 1903. Contains some 8 species of cestodes described from monitor lizards of the genus '' Varanus'' from India, Australia and the Philippines. As well as, ''Acanthotaenia'' ''overstreeti'' Brooks & Schmidt, 1978 from the rhinoceros iguana (''Cyclura cornuta''); Puerto Rico, and ''Acanthotaenia'' pythonis Wahid, 1968 described from a

green tree python The green tree python (''Morelia viridis'') is a species of snake in the family Pythonidae. The species is native to New Guinea, some islands in Indonesia, and the Cape York Peninsula in Australia. First described by Hermann Schlegel in 1872, it ...

(''Morelia viridis'') at the London Zoo. *** ''Australotaenia'' de Chambrier & de Chambrier, 2010. Contains 3 species that parasitize hylid frogs in Australia and a snake. *** ''Kapsulotaenia'' Freze, 1965. Contains 6 species described from monitor lizards of the genus '' Varanus'' from Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Africa,including ''Kapsulotaenia'' ''sandgroundi'' (Carter, 1943) from the komodo dragon (''

Varanus komodoensis The Komodo dragon (''Varanus komodoensis''), also known as the Komodo monitor, is a member of the monitor lizard family Varanidae that is endemic to the Indonesian islands of Komodo (island), Komodo, Rinca, Flores, and Gili Motang. It is the ...

''). *** ''Rostellotaenia'' Freze, 1963. Contains 3 species parasitizing the nile monitor ( ''Varanus'' ''niloticus'') in North Africa and the Bengal monitor ( ''Varanus'' ''bengalensis'') in India. *** ''Vandiermenia'' de Chambrier & de Chambrier, 2010; is a monotypic genus that contains ''Vandiermenia'' ''beveridgei'' described from the red-bellied black snake (''

Pseudechis porphyriacus The red-bellied black snake (''Pseudechis porphyriacus'') is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae, indigenous to Australia. Originally described by George Shaw in 1794 as a species new to science, it is one of eastern Australia' ...

'') in Australia. ** Subfamily Corallobothriinae Freze, 1965 ***''Corallobothrium'' Fritsch, 1886; monotypic genus containing ''Corallobothrium solidum'' Fritsch, 1886 described from the Electric catfish (''

Malapterurus electricus ''Malapterurus electricus'' is a thickset fish with six mouth barbels and a single fin on its back, just anterior to the rounded tail fin. It is brownish or grayish, irregularly spotted with black, and attains a length and weight of about and ' ...

'') from North Africa. *** ''Corallotaenia'' Freze, 1965; contains 3 species described from the brown bullhead ( ''Ameiurus'' ''nebulosus'') in USA and Canada. *** ''Essexiella'' Scholz, de Chambrier, Mariaux & Kuchta, 2011; is a monotypic genus containing ''Essexiella'' ''fimbriata'' described from the channel catfish ( ''Ictalurus'' ''punctatus'') from the USA. *** ''Megathylacoides'' Jones, Kerley & Sneed, 1956; contains 6 species occurring in The flathead catfish (''

Pylodictis olivaris The flathead catfish (''Pylodictis olivaris''), also called by several common names including mudcat or shovelhead cat, is a large species of North American freshwater catfish in the family Ictaluridae. It is the only species of the genus ''Py ...

''), The brown bullhead (''

Ameiurus nebulosus The brown bullhead (''Ameiurus nebulosus'') is a fish of the family Ictaluridae that is widely distributed in North America. It is a species of bullhead catfish and is similar to the black bullhead (''Ameiurus melas'') and yellow bullhead (''Ame ...

'') and the blue catfish (''

Ictalurus furcatus The blue catfish (''Ictalurus furcatus'') is the largest species of North American catfish, reaching a length of and a weight of . The typical length is about 25–46 in (64–117 cm). The fish can live to 20 years. The native distribution o ...

'') among others in the US and Mexico. *** ''Megathylacus'' Woodland, 1934; contains two species found in the gilded catfish or jau (''Zungaro zungaro'') and the Spotted sorubim (''Pseudoplatystoma corruscans'') in Brazil. *** ''Paraproteocephalus'' Chen, 1962 is a monotypic genus containing ''Paraproteocephalus parasiluri'' described from the Amur catfish ('' Parasilurus asotus'') from Russia. *** ''Sciadocephalus'' Diesing, 1850 is a monotypic genus containing ''Sciadocephalus'' ''megalodiscus'' Diesing, 1850 described from the tucanare peacock bass (''

Cichla monoculus ''Cichla monoculus'', sometimes known as the tucanare peacock bass ("peacock bass" is also used for Peacock bass, some of its relatives), is a very large species of cichlid, and a prized game fish. It is native to the Amazon basin in South Americ ...

'') in Brazil. ** Subfamily Endorchiinae Woodland, 1934 ***''Endorchis'' Woodland, 1934 is genus containing 2 species, ''Endorchis piraeeba'' Woodland, 1934 described from the giant catfish of the amazon or Paraiba ( ''Brachyplatystoma'' ''filamentosum'') and ''Endorchis'' ''auchenipteri'' de Chambrier & Vaucher, 1999 from the driftwood catfish ('' Auchenipterus osteomystax'') from Paraguay. ** Subfamily Ephedrocephalinae Mola, 1929 ***''Ephedrocephalus'' Diesing, 1850 is a monotypic genus currently containing ''Ephedrocephalus microcephalus'' Diesing, 1850 described from the redtail catfish ('' Phractocephalus hemioliopterus'') in Brazil. ** Subfamily Gangesiinae Mola, 1929 ***''Electrotaenia'' Nybelin, 1942 is a monotypic genus currently containing ''Electrotaenia malapteruri'' (Fritsch, 1886) from the electric catfish ( ''Malapterurus'' ''electricus'') from Egypt. *** ''Gangesia'' Woodland, 1924 is a genus containing 8 recognized species parasitising catfish in south and east Asia, they include ''Gangesia'' ''margolisi'' Shimazu, 1994 from giant Lake Biwa catfish ( ''Silurus'' ''biwaensis'') in Japan, ''Gangesia'' ''oligonchis'' Roitman & Freze, 1964 from the yellowhead catfish ( ''Tachysurus'' ''fulvidraco'') from Russia, ''Gangesia'' ''vachai'' (Gupta & Parmar, 1988) described from the wallago catfish ( ''Wallago'' ''attu'') from India. *** ''Pangasiocestus'' Scholz & de Chambrier, 2012 is a monotypic genus which contains ''Pangasiocestus'' ''romani'' Scholz & de Chambrier, 2012 from the Black-spotted catfish ( ''Pangasius'' ''larnaudii'') from Cambodia. *** ''Ritacestus'' de Chambrier, Scholz, Ash & Kar, 2011 is a monotypic genus which contains ''Ritacestus ritaii'' (Verma, 1926) described from the Rita bagrid catfish ( ''Rita'' ''rita'') from India. *** ''Silurotaenia'' Nybelin, 1942 is monotypic genus containing ''Silurotaenia'' ''siluri'' (Batsch, 1786) parasite of the Wels catfish (''

Silurus glanis The wels catfish ( or ; ''Silurus glanis''), also called sheatfish or just wels, is a large species of catfish native to wide areas of central, southern, and eastern Europe, in the basins of the Baltic, Black and Caspian Seas. It has been introd ...

'') in Europe. *** ''Vermaia'' Nybelin, 1942 is a monotypic genus with ''Vermaia'' ''pseudotropii'' (Verma, 1928) described from the Garua bachcha ( ''Clupisoma'' ''garua'') from India. ** Subfamily Marsypocephalinae Woodland, 1933 ***''Marsypocephalus'' Wedl, 1861 is a genus that contains around 5 species of tapeworms that have been described from airbreathing African catfish of the genus ''

Heterobranchus ''Heterobranchus'' is a genus of airbreathing catfishes native to Africa. However, ''H. palaeindicus'', the only known extinct species of the genus, was discovered in the Siwalik Hills, India, dating to the Lower Pliocene. Depending on the exact ...

'' and ''

Clarias ''Clarias'' is a genus of catfishes (order Siluriformes) of the family Clariidae, the airbreathing catfishes. The name is derived from the Greek ''chlaros'', which means lively, in reference to the ability of the fish to live for a long time out ...

'' from Egypt, Sierra Leone, Sudan and Lake Tanganyika. ** Subfamily Monticelliinae Mola, 1929 ***''Ageneiella'' de Chambrier & Vaucher, 1999. Is a monotypic genus which includes ''Ageneiella brevifilis'' de Chambrier & Vaucher, 1999 described from the driftwood catfish ('' Ageneiosus brevifilis'') from Paraguay. *** ''Chambriella'' Rego, Chubb & Pavanelli, 1999 currently contains ''Chambriella'' ''megacephala'' (Woodland, 1934) described from the firewood catfish ( ''Sorubimichthys'' ''planiceps'') from Brazil. *** ''Choanoscolex'' La Rue, 1911 is a monotypic genus containing ''Choanoscolex'' ''abscisus'' (Riggenbach, 1895) from the Spotted sorubim ( ''Pseudoplatystoma'' ''corruscans'') from Paraguay. *** ''Goezeella'' Fuhrmann, 1916, is a genus currently accommodates two species, namely ''Goezeella'' ''siluri'' Fuhrmann, 1916 from the blue whale catfish ('' Cetopsis coecutiens'') from Brazil, and ''Goezeella'' ''danbrooksi'' de Chambrier, Rego & Mariaux, 2004 described from the driftwood catfish ''( Ageneiosus caucanus'') from Colombia. *** ''Manaosia'' Woodland, 1935. This monotypic genus contains ''Manaosia'' ''bracodemoca'' Woodland, 1935, which parasitizes the duckbill catfish (''

Sorubim lima ''Sorubim lima'' is a species of fish of the Pimelodidae family in the order Siluriformes. Morphology Males can reach 54.2 cm in total length and 1,300 g in weight. Their body is devoid of scales and covered with bone plaques. It has an irre ...

'') in Brazil. *** ''Monticellia'' La Rue, 1911 is genus containing 8 species of tapeworms described from freshwater fishes in South America and Mexico. It includes ''Monticellia ophisterni'' Scholz, de Chambrier & Salgado-Maldonado, 2001 described from the Swamp eel (''

Ophisternon aenigmaticum ''Ophisternon'' is a genus of swamp eels found in fresh and brackish waters in South and Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, Middle America and West Africa. Two species are blind cave-dwellers.Romero, A., editor (2001). ''The Biology of Hyp ...

'') from Mexico. *** ''Regoella'' Arredondo, de Chambrier & Gil de Pertierra, 2013. Is a monotypic genus that contains ''Regoella brevis'' described from the Barred Sorubim (''

Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum ''Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum'' or barred sorubim or barred catfish is a species of long-whiskered catfish native to the Suriname, Corantijn and Essequibo. The nocturnal predator feeds mainly on other fish and crabs. Females reach a more notable ...

'') from Argentina. *** ''Riggenbachiella'' Alves, de Chambrier, Luque & Scholz, 2017 contains two species, namely, ''Riggenbachiella amazonense'' Alves, de Chambrier, Luque & Scholz, 2017 described from the firewood catfish ('' Sorubimichthys planiceps'') from Peru, and ''Riggenbachiella paranaensis'' (Pavanelli & Rego, 1989) from the porthole shovelnose catfish ('' Hemisorubim platyrhynchos'') from Brazil. *** ''Spasskyellina'' Freze, 1965 is a genus that contains three species including ''Spasskyellina lenha'' (Woodland, 1933) the firewood catfish ('' Sorubimichthys planiceps'') from Brazil. *** ''Spatulifer'' Woodland, 1934 is a genus that contains three species including ''Spatulifer surubim'' Woodland, 1934 described from the tiger sorubim (''

Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum ''Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum'', the tiger sorubim, tiger shovelnose or caparari is a species of long-whiskered catfish native to the Amazon Basin in South America.Buitrago-Suárez, Uriel Angel & Brooks M. Burr (2007).Taxonomy of the catfish genus ...

'') in Brazil. *** Subfamily Nupeliinae Pavanelli & Rego, 1991 *** ''Nupelia'' Pavanelli & Rego, 1991 is a genus currently containing the species ''Nupelia portoriquensis'' Pavanelli & Rego, 1991 from the duckbill catfish (''

'') from Brazil, and ''Nupelia tomasi'' de Chambrier & Vaucher, 1999 from the ('' Trachelyopterus galeatus'') in Paraguay. ** Subfamily Peltidocotylinae Woodland, 1934 ***''Amazotaenia'' de Chambrier, 2001 is a monotypic genus which accommodates ''Amazotaenia yvettae'' de Chambrier, 2001 described from the Goliath catfish (''

Brachyplatystoma capapretum ''Brachyplatystoma capapretum'', the dark caped goliath catfish, also called Peru piraiba catfish or false piraiba, is a species of catfish of the family Pimelodidae The Pimelodidae, commonly known as the long-whiskered catfishes, are a family ...

'') from Brazil. *** ''Jauella'' Rego & Pavanelli, 1985 is a monotypic genus that contains ''Jauella glandicephalus'' Rego & Pavanelli, 1985 described from the gilded catfish ('' Zungaro jahu'') native to Brazil. *** ''Luciaella'' Gil de Pertierra, 2009 is a monotypic genus that contains ''Luciaella ivanovae'' Gil de Pertierra, 2009 described from a species of driftwood catfish (''

Ageneiosus inermis ''Ageneiosus inermis'' is a species of driftwood catfish of the family Auchenipteridae. It can be found throughout South America, from Colombia and Venezuela to Uruguay and northern Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Repub ...

'') from Argentina. *** ''Mariauxiella'' de Chambrier & Rego, 1995, is genus that contains two species, ''Mariauxiella pimelodi'' de Chambrier & Rego, 1995 described from the ornate pim ('' Pimelodus ornatus'') in Brazil; and ''Mariauxiella piscatorum'' de Chambrier & Vaucher, 1999 from the Porthole shovelnose catfish ('' Hemisorubim platyrhynchos'') from Paraguay. *** ''Peltidocotyle'' Diesing, 1850 is a genus containing two species ''Peltidocotyle rugosa'' Diesing, 1850 parasitizing the Spotted sorubim (''

Pseudoplatystoma corruscans ''Pseudoplatystoma corruscans'', the spotted sorubim, is a species of long-whiskered catfish native to the São Francisco and Paraná—Paraguay River The Paraguay River (Río Paraguay in Spanish, Rio Paraguai in Portuguese, Ysyry Paraguái i ...

'') in Brazil and ''Peltidocotyle lenha'' Woodland, 1933 described from the firewood catfish ('' Sorubimichthys planiceps'') from Brazil. ** Subfamily Proteocephalinae Mola, 1929 ***''Barsonella'' de Chambrier, Scholz, Beletew & Mariaux, 2009 is a monotypic genus containing ''Barsonella lafoni'' that parasitizes the African sharptooth catfish (''

Clarias gariepinus ''Clarias gariepinus'' or African sharptooth catfish is a species of catfish of the family Clariidae, the airbreathing catfishes. Distribution They are found throughout Africa and the Middle East, and live in freshwater lakes, rivers, and swa ...

'') in Ethiopia. *** ''Brayela'' Rego, 1984 is a monotypic genus containing ''Brayela karuatayi'' (Woodland, 1934) described from the lince catfish ('' Platynematichthys notatus'') from Brazil. *** ''Cairaella'' Coquille & de Chambrier, 2008 is a monotypic genus containing ''Cairaella henrii'' Coquille & de Chambrier, 2008 described from the forest anole lizard ('' Norops trachyderma'') from Ecuador. *** ''Cangatiella'' Pavanelli & dos Santos, 1991 is a genus containing two species, ''Cangatiella arandasi'' Pavanelli & Dos Santos, 1991 from the common woodcat ('' Trachelyopterus galeatus'') from Brazil, and ''Cangatiella macdonaghi'' (Szidat & Nani, 1951) from the Argentinian silverside (''

Odontesthes bonariensis ''Odontesthes bonariensis'' is a species of Neotropical silverside, an euryhaline fish native to fresh, brackish and salt water in south-central and southeastern South America, but also introduced elsewhere. It is often known by the common nam ...

'') from Argentina. *** ''Cichlidocestus'' de Chambrier, Pinacho-Pinacho, Hernández-Orts, & Scholz, 2017 is a monotypic genus containing ''Cichlidocestus gillesi'' de Chambrier, Pinacho-Pinacho, Hernández-Orts, & Scholz, 2017 recently described from the Cichilid (''

Cichlasoma amazonarum ''Cichlasoma'' is a genus of freshwater fish in the cichlid family. The genus was previously very large (a wastebasket taxon), including cichlids from North America, including Central America, and South America. Reclassification and subsequent s ...

'') in Peru, and ''Cichlidocestus janikae'' de Chambrier, Pinacho-Pinacho, Hernández-Orts, & Scholz, 2017 described from Nicaragua Cichlid ( ''Hypsophrys'' ''nicaraguensis'') from Costa Rica. *** ''Crepidobothrium'' Monticelli, 1900 is a genus containing 5 species of tapeworms that parasitize snakes, they include ''Crepidobothrium gerrardii'' (Baird, 1860) described from the boa constrictor (''

Boa constrictor The boa constrictor (scientific name also ''Boa constrictor''), also called the red-tailed boa, is a species of large, non-venomous, heavy-bodied snake that is frequently kept and bred in captivity. The boa constrictor is a member of the family B ...

'') from South America and ''Crepidobothrium garzonii'' de Chambrier, 1988 described from the crossed pit viper (''

Bothrops alternatus :''Common names'': yarará grande, urutu,Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. ''The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere''. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. . wutu,Brown JH. 1973. ''Toxicology and Pharmacolog ...

'') from Paraguay. *** ''Deblocktaenia'' Odening, 1963 is a monotypic genus containing ''Deblocktaenia ventosaloculata'' (Deblock, Rosé & Broussart, 1962) described from the tiny night snake (''

Ithycyphus miniatus ''Ithycyphus miniatus'' is a species of venomous snake in the family Pseudoxyrhophiidae. The species is native to Madagascar. Venom ''I. miniatus'' is calm and reluctant to bite, but has a venom capable of causing severe pain and extensive bleed ...

'') from Madagascar. *** ''Euzetiella'' de Chambrier, Rego & Vaucher, 1999 is a monotypic genus containing ''Euzetiella'' ''tetraphylliformis'' de Chambrier, Rego & Vaucher, 1999 described from the gilded catfish ('' Zungaro jahu'') native to Brazil. *** ''Frezella'' Alves, de Chambrier, Scholz & Luque, 2015 is a monotypic genus containing ''Frezella'' ''vaucheri'' Alves, de Chambrier, Scholz & Luque, 2015 described from a species of driftwood catfish ('' Tocantinsia piresi'') from Brazil. *** ''Glanitaenia'' de Chambrier, Zehnder, Vaucher & Mariaux, 2004 is a monotypic genus containing ''Glanitaenia osculata'' (Goeze, 1782) parasite of the Wels catfish (''

'') in Europe. *** ''Macrobothriotaenia'' Freze, 1965 is a monotypic genus containing ''Macrobothriotaenia'' ''ficta'' (Meggitt, 1931) described from the sunbeam snake (''

Xenopeltis unicolor :''Common names: sunbeam snake, common sunbeam snake, iridescent snake.Mehrtens JM. 1987. ''Living Snakes of the World in Color''. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. .'' ''Xenopeltis unicolor'' is a non-venomous sunbeam snake species found i ...

'') from Myanmar. *** ''Margaritaella'' Arredondo & Gil de Pertierra, 2012 is a monotypic genus containing ''Margaritaella gracilis'' Arredondo & Gil de Pertierra, 2012 described from the cascarudo armored catfish (''

Callichthys callichthys ''Callichthys callichthys'', the cascarudo, armored catfish, bubblenest catfish, hassar, or mailed catfish, is a subtropical freshwater fish belonging to the subfamily Callichthyinae of the family Callichthyidae. Taxonomy It was originally descr ...

'') from Argentina. *** ''Ophiotaenia'' La Rue, 1911 is one of the largest genera within the Protecephalidae, it contains nearly 90 species which parasitize amphibians, reptiles and birds. Among them ''Ophiotaenia adiposa'' Rudin, 1917 described from the African Puff Adder (''

Bitis arietans The puff adder (''Bitis arietans'') is a viper species found in savannahs and grasslands from Morocco and western Arabia throughout Africa except for the Sahara and rainforest regions.U.S. Navy. 1991. ''Venomous Snakes of the World''. US Govt. ...

'') from Cameroon,Ophiotaenia carpathica Sharpilo, Kornyushin & Lisitsina, 1979 described from the northern crested newt (''

Triturus cristatus The northern crested newt, great crested newt or warty newt (''Triturus cristatus'') is a newt species native to Great Britain, northern and central continental Europe and parts of Western Siberia. It is a large newt, with females growing up to ...

'') from Ukraine, ''Ophiotaenia kuantanensis'' Yeh, 1956 described from the king cobra ('' Ophiophagus hannah'') from India, ''Ophiotaenia macrobothria'' Rudin, 1917 described from the painted coral snake (''

Micrurus corallinus ''Micrurus corallinus'' is a species of highly venomous snake, venomous elapidae, elapid snake native to South America (Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay). There are no recognized subspecies. Common names Common names of this species include pain ...

'') from Brazil, ''Ophiotaenia noei'' Wolffhugel, 1948 from the water helmeted toad ('' Calyptocephalus gayi'') from Chile, ''Ophiotaenia schultzei'' (Hungerbühler, 1910) Dickley, 1921 described from the African bullfrog (''

Pyxicephalus adspersus The African bullfrog (''Pyxicephalus adspersus'') is a species of frog in the family Pyxicephalidae. It is also known as the pixie frog due to its scientific name. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa ...

'') from South Africa. *** ''Proteocephalus'' Weinland, 1858 is a species rich genus containing over 70 species which have been described mainly from freshwater fish and a few amphibians. They include ''Proteocephalus aberrans'' Brooks, 1978 described from the greater siren (''

Siren lacertina The greater siren (''Siren lacertina'') is an eel-like amphibian and one of the three members of the genus ''Siren''. The largest of the sirens and one of the largest amphibians in North America, the greater siren resides in the coastal plains of ...

'') in USA, ''Proteocephalus amphiumicola'' Brooks, 1978 from the two-toed amphiuma ('' Amphiuma means'') from North America, ''Proteocephalus australis'' Chandler, 1935 occurs in the longnose gar (''

Lepisosteus osseus The longnose gar (''Lepisosteus osseus''), also known as longnose garpike or billy gar, is a ray-finned fish in the family Lepisosteidae. The genus may have been present in North America for about 100 million years. References are made to gars ...

'') in North America, ''Proteocephalus longicollis'' (Zeder, 1800) occurs in brown trout (''

Salmo trutta The brown trout (''Salmo trutta'') is a European species of salmonid fish that has been widely introduced into suitable environments globally. It includes purely freshwater populations, referred to as the riverine ecotype, ''Salmo trutta'' morph ...

'') in Europe, and ''Proteocephalus pentastomus'' (Klaptocz, 1906) described from the Nile bichir (''

Polypterus bichir ''Polypterus bichir'', the Nile bichir, is a fish which lives in the Nile and some of its tributaries in Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 millio ...

'') from Sudan. *** ''Pseudocrepidobothrium'' Rego & Ivanov, 2001 is a genus containing 3 species that occur Brazil and Argentina. They include ''Pseudocrepidobothrium'' eirasi (Rego & de Chambrier, 1995) and ''Pseudocrepidobothrium ludovici'' Ruedi & de Chambrier, 2012 both described from the redtail catfish ('' Phractocephalus hemioliopterus'') from Brazil. *** ''Scholzia'' de Chambrier, Rego & Gil de Pertierra, 2005. ''Scholzia emarginata'' (Diesing, 1850) described from the redtail catfish ('' Phractocephalus hemioliopterus'') from Brazil. *** ''Tejidotaenia'' Freze, 1965 is monotypic genus containing ''Tejidotaenia appendiculatus'' (Baylis, 1947) described from the golden tegu (''

Tupinambis teguixin The gold tegu, also known as the golden tegu, common tegu, black tegu, Colombian black and white tegu and tiger lizard (in Trinidad), is a species of tegu. Its old scientific name (synonym) was ''Tupinambis nigropunctatus'', but it has since rena ...

'') from Surinam. *** ''Thaumasioscolex'' Cañeda-Guzmán, de Chambrier & Scholz, 2001 is monotypic genus which includes ''Thaumasioscolex didelphidis'' Cañeda-Guzmán, de Chambrier & Scholz, 2001 described from the common opossum (''

Didelphis marsupialis The common opossum (''Didelphis marsupialis''), also called the southern or black-eared opossum or gambá, and sometimes called a possum, is a marsupial species living from the northeast of Mexico to Bolivia (reaching the coast of the South Paci ...

'') from Mexico, the only member of the Proteocephalidae which parasitizes a mammal. *** ''Travassiella'' Rego & Pavanelli, 1987 is a monotypic genus containing ''Travassiella jandia'' (Woodland, 1934) described from the gilded catfish ('' Zungaro jahu'') native to Brazil. ** Subfamily Rudolphiellinae Woodland, 1935 ***''Rudolphiella'' Fuhrmann, 1916 is a genus containing 5 species that occur in species of freshwater long-whiskered catfish, they include ''Rudolphiella piracatinga'' (Woodland, 1935) from vulture catfish ('' Calophysus macropterus'') from Brazil. ** Subfamily Sandonellinae Khalil, 1960 ***''Sandonella'' Khalil, 1960 is a monotypic genus currently containing ''Sandonella sandoni'' (Lynsdale, 1960) described from the African arowana ('' Heterotis niloticus'') from Sudan ** Subfamily Testudotaeniinae de Chambrier, Coquille, Mariaux & Tkach, 2009 ***''Testudotaenia'' Freze, 1965 is a monotypic genus currently containing ''Testudotaenia testudo'' (Magath, 1924) described from the spiny softshell turtle (''

Apalone spinifera The spiny softshell turtle (''Apalone spinifera'') is a species of softshell turtle, one of the largest freshwater turtle species in North America. Both the common name, spiny softshell, and the specific name, ''spinifera'' (spine-bearing), r ...

'') from USA. ** Subfamily Zygobothriinae Woodland, 1933 ***''Amphoteromorphus'' Diesing, 1850 is a genus containing 6 species that parasitize South American Silurids, they include ''Amphoteromorphus piraeeba'' Woodland, 1934 described from the Giant Catfish of the Amazon or Paraiba ('' Brachyplatystoma filamentosum'') from Brazil. *** ''Brooksiella'' Rego, Chubb & Pavanelli, 1999 ''Brooksiella praeputialis'' (Rego, Santos & Silva, 1974) described from the Blue Whale Catfish ('' Cetopsis coecutiens'') from Brazil. *** ''Gibsoniela'' Rego, 1984 is a genus containing 2 species, ''Gibsoniela mandube'' (Woodland, 1935) and ''Gibsoniela'' meursaulti de Chambrier & Vaucher, 1999, both species described from the driftwood catfish ('' Ageneiosus brevifilis'') from Brazil. *** ''Harriscolex'' Rego, 1987 is genus containing 3 species that parasitize long-whiskered catfish in Brazil, they include ''Harriscolex kaparari'' (Woodland, 1935) parasite of the tiger sorubim (''

'') in Brazil. *** ''Houssayela'' Rego, 1987 is a monotypic genus containing ''Houssayela sudobim'' (Woodland, 1935) described from the Paraiba (''

'') from Brazil. *** ''Nomimoscolex'' Woodland, 1934 is a genus that contains some 17 species, mostly parasitizing South American silurids, with the exception of ''Nomimoscolex touzeti'' de Chambrier & Vaucher, 1992 described from the Surinam horned frog (''

Ceratophrys cornuta The Surinam horned frog (''Ceratophrys cornuta''), also known as Amazonian horned frog, is a bulky frog measuring up to found in the northern part of South America. It has an exceptionally wide mouth, and has horn-like projections above its eye ...

'') from Ecuador. *** ''Postgangesia'' Akhmerov, 1969 is a genus containing two species ''Postgangesia orientalis'' Akhmerov, 1969 described from Northern Sheatfish (''

Silurus soldatovi ''Silurus soldatovi'', Soldatov's catfish or northern sheatfish (russian: сом Vladimir Konstantinovich Soldatov, Солдатова), is a large catfish species from the Far East. Habitat Soldatov's catfish lives in Amur River (Ussuri) in Ru ...

'') from Russia, and ''Postgangesia inarmata'' de Chambrier, Al-Kallak & Mariaux, 2003 the giant catfish (''

'') from Iraq. *** ''Vaucheriella'' de Chambrier, 1987 is a monotypic genus containing ''Vaucheriella bicheti'' de Chambrier, 1987 described from the Taczanowski's dwarf boa (''

Tropidophis taczanowskyi ''Tropidophis taczanowskyi'', also known commonly as Taczanowski's dwarf boa, is a species of snake in the family Tropidophiidae. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, ...

'') from Ecuador. *** ''Zygobothrium'' Diesing, 1850 is a monotypic genus contains ''Zygobothrium megacephalum'' Diesing, 1850 the redtail catfish, ('' Phractocephalus hemioliopterus'') from Brazil.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3382221 Cestoda Platyhelminthes families