Annan () was the southernmost administrative division of the
Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an Zhou dynasty (690–705), interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dyn ...
and
Wu Zhou dynasty
Wu may refer to:
States and regions on modern China's territory
*Wu (state) (; och, *, italic=yes, links=no), a kingdom during the Spring and Autumn Period 771–476 BCE
** Suzhou or Wu (), its eponymous capital
** Wu County (), a former county ...
of China from 679 to 866, located in modern-day
Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...
. Annam is the
Vietnamese
Vietnamese may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Vietnam, a country in Southeast Asia
** A citizen of Vietnam. See Demographics of Vietnam.
* Vietnamese people, or Kinh people, a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Vietnam
** Overse ...
form of the
Chinese
Chinese can refer to:
* Something related to China
* Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity
**''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation
** List of ethnic groups in China, people of ...
name Annan, which means "the Pacified South" or "to pacify the South", a
clipped form of the full name, the "Protectorate General to Pacify the South" .
In 679, the Annan Protectorate replaced the
Jiaozhou Protectorate () (), also known as
Jiaozhi
Jiaozhi (standard Chinese, pinyin: ''Jiāozhǐ''), or Giao Chỉ (Vietnamese), was a historical region ruled by various Chinese dynasties, corresponding to present-day northern Vietnam. The kingdom of Nanyue (204–111 BC) set up the Jiaozhi Co ...
, with its seat situated in
Songping County () (modern
Hanoi
Hanoi or Ha Noi ( or ; vi, Hà Nội ) is the capital and second-largest city of Vietnam. It covers an area of . It consists of 12 urban districts, one district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. Located within the Red River Delta, Hanoi is ...
). Annan was renamed to Zhennan for a brief period from 757 to 760 before reverting to Annan.
After coming under attack by
Nanzhao
Nanzhao (, also spelled Nanchao, ) was a dynastic kingdom that flourished in what is now southern China and northern Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries. It was centered on present-day Yunnan in China.
History
Origins
Nanzha ...
in 864, the Annan Protectorate was renamed
Jinghai Military Command upon its reconquest by
Gao Pian
Gao Pian (; 821? – 24 September 887Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter.''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 257.), courtesy name Qianli (), formally the Prince of Bohai (), was a Chinese military general, poet, and politician of the Tang ...
in 866. Today the same area is sometimes known as
Tonkin
Tonkin, also spelled ''Tongkin'', ''Tonquin'' or ''Tongking'', is an exonym referring to the northern region of Vietnam. During the 17th and 18th centuries, this term referred to the domain ''Đàng Ngoài'' under Trịnh lords' control, includi ...
(), the "eastern capital" of
Đại Việt
Đại Việt (, ; literally Great Việt), often known as Annam ( vi, An Nam, Chữ Hán: 安南), was a monarchy in eastern Mainland Southeast Asia from the 10th century AD to the early 19th century, centered around the region of present-day ...
. Locally, the area is known as (), the "northern area".
History
Predecessors
The territory was conquered for the
Qin dynasty
The Qin dynasty ( ; zh, c=秦朝, p=Qín cháo, w=), or Ch'in dynasty in Wade–Giles romanization ( zh, c=, p=, w=Ch'in ch'ao), was the first Dynasties in Chinese history, dynasty of Imperial China. Named for its heartland in Qin (state), ...
by
Zhao Tuo after the death of
Qin Shi Huang
Qin Shi Huang (, ; 259–210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and the first emperor of a unified China. Rather than maintain the title of "king" ( ''wáng'') borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor ( ...
. In the chaos surrounding the
Chu–Han Contention
The Chu–Han Contention ( zh, , lk=on) or Chu–Han War () was an interregnum period in ancient China between the fallen Qin dynasty and the subsequent Han dynasty. After the third and last Qin ruler, Ziying, unconditionally surrendered t ...
, he declared its independence as
Nanyue
Nanyue (), was an ancient kingdom ruled by Chinese monarchs of the Zhao family that covered the modern Chinese subdivisions of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Macau, southern Fujian and central to northern Vietnam. Nanyue was establish ...
and ruled from
Panyu
Panyu, alternately romanized as Punyu, is one of 11 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong Province, China. It was a separate county-level city before its incorporation into modern Guangzhou in 200 ...
(modern
Guangzhou
Guangzhou (, ; ; or ; ), also known as Canton () and alternatively romanized as Kwongchow or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China. Located on the Pearl River about north-northwest of Hong Kon ...
). Jiaozhou was the Han dynasty
country subdivision
Administrative division, administrative unit,Article 3(1). country subdivision, administrative region, subnational entity, constituent state, as well as many similar terms, are generic names for geographical areas into which a particular, ind ...
formed from the annexation of this tributary kingdom in 111 BCE and it initially comprised the areas of modern Guangdong,
Guangxi
Guangxi (; ; Chinese postal romanization, alternately romanized as Kwanghsi; ; za, Gvangjsih, italics=yes), officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR), is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of the People's Republic ...
, and
northern Vietnam
Northern Vietnam ( vi, Bắc Bộ) is one of three geographical regions within Vietnam. It consists of three administrative regions: the Northwest (Vùng Tây Bắc), the Northeast (Vùng Đông Bắc), and the Red River Delta (Đồng Bằng S ...
.
During the
Three Kingdoms
The Three Kingdoms () from 220 to 280 AD was the tripartite division of China among the dynastic states of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu. The Three Kingdoms period was preceded by the Han dynasty#Eastern Han, Eastern Han dynasty and wa ...
era,
Eastern Wu
Wu ( Chinese: 吳; pinyin: ''Wú''; Middle Chinese *''ŋuo'' < : ''*ŋuɑ''), known in h ...
split from
Liangguang
Liangguang (; Postal romanization: Liangkwang) is a Chinese term for the province of Guangdong and the former province and present autonomous region of Guangxi, collectively. It particularly refers to the viceroyalty of Liangguang under the Qin ...
as
Guangzhou
Guangzhou (, ; ; or ; ), also known as Canton () and alternatively romanized as Kwongchow or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China. Located on the Pearl River about north-northwest of Hong Kon ...
in 222 CE.
Tang
Tang or TANG most often refers to:
* Tang dynasty
* Tang (drink mix)
Tang or TANG may also refer to:
Chinese states and dynasties
* Jin (Chinese state) (11th century – 376 BC), a state during the Spring and Autumn period, called Tang (唐) b ...
rule in northern Vietnam began in 622 after Qiu He, the Chinese warlord recognized Tang authority.
Tang Protectorate
In 624 the
Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an Zhou dynasty (690–705), interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dyn ...
created the Jiaozhou Protectorate. In 627 the Jiaozhou Protectorate was put under the administration of
Lingnan Circuit. In 679, the Annan Protectorate replaced the Jiaozhou Protectorate and was seated in
Songping County () in present day
Hanoi
Hanoi or Ha Noi ( or ; vi, Hà Nội ) is the capital and second-largest city of Vietnam. It covers an area of . It consists of 12 urban districts, one district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. Located within the Red River Delta, Hanoi is ...
. The Annan Protectorate was renamed Zhennan Protectorate in 757. It was changed back to Annan Protectorate in 760. The Annan Protectorate came under attack from
Nanzhao
Nanzhao (, also spelled Nanchao, ) was a dynastic kingdom that flourished in what is now southern China and northern Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries. It was centered on present-day Yunnan in China.
History
Origins
Nanzha ...
in 846 and the conflict lasted until 866, after which the
Jinghai Army Jiedushi was created.
List of notable events
In 676, jiedushi and governors of Guangxi, Guangdong and Jiaozhou established a method of selecting local men for administrative positions. Every four years, the "southern selection" would choose aboriginal chiefs to be appointed to fill positions of the fifth degree and above. Taxation was more moderate than within the empire proper; the harvest tax was one-half the standard rate, an acknowledgement of the political problems inherent in ruling a non-Chinese population.
In 687, the new governor of Annan, Liu Yanyou doubled the taxes. The indigenous peasants under chief
Lý Tự Tiên resisted. Liu Yanyou killed Lý. Đinh Kiến, one of Lý's compatriots, led the people against Yanyou and besieged him in Songping. In the summer, the rebels took Songping and put Yanyou to death. A governor general, Feng Yuanchang, had earlier been called in to help Liu, but Feng hoped to gain influence at Liu's expense and did nothing to help him. Instead Feng established a fortified camp and sent envoys to the rebels telling them to kill their leader and join him. After Liu was killed, Feng abandoned Annan. Another general, Cao Xuanjing, marched into Annan, put down the rebellion, and executed Đinh Kiến.
In 722,
Mai Thúc Loan
Mai Thúc Loan (or Mai Huyền Thành ( 梅 玄 成), self-proclaimed Mai Hắc Đế ( 梅 黑 帝, The Black Emperor or The Swarthy Emperor), was the Vietnamese leader of the uprising in 722 AD against the rule of the Chinese Tang dynasty in th ...
rebelled in what is now
Hà Tĩnh Province
Hà is a Vietnamese surname. The name is transliterated as He in Chinese and Ha in Korean.
Ha is the anglicized variation of the surname Hà. It is also the anglicized variation of Hạ.
Notable people with the surname Hà
* Hà Kiều Anh, ...
and proclaimed himself the "Swarthy Emperor" or "Black Emperor" (Hắc Đẽ). His rebellion rallied people from 23 counties with "400,000 followers". Many were peasants who roamed the countryside, plundering food and other items. He also allied with
Champa
Champa (Cham: ꨌꩌꨛꨩ; km, ចាម្ប៉ា; vi, Chiêm Thành or ) were a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is contemporary central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd cen ...
and
Chenla
Chenla or Zhenla (; km, ចេនឡា, ; vi, Chân Lạp) is the Chinese designation for the successor polity of the kingdom of Funan preceding the Khmer Empire that existed from around the late sixth to the early ninth century in Indoc ...
, an unknown kingdom named Jinlin (“Gold Neighbor”) and other unnamed kingdoms. A Chinese army of 100,000 from
Guangdong
Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020) ...
under general Yang Zixu, including a "multitude" of mountain tribesmen who had remained loyal to the Tang, marched directly along the coast, following the old road built by
Ma Yuan. Yang Zixu attacked Mai Thúc Loan by surprise and suppressed the rebellion in 723. The corpses of the Swarthy Emperor and his followers were piled up to form a huge mound and were left on public display to check further revolts.
In 767, a Javanese raiding fleet invaded Annan, besieging Songping, but were defeated by Tang marquis Zhang Boyi. In 785, chieftains of the Annamese,
Đỗ Anh Hàn Đỗ Anh Hàn ( Hán tự: 杜英翰; ? – 791), known in Chinese as Du Yinghan (Wade–Giles: ''Tu Ying-han'') was a chief in Phong, Tang Annan, in late 8th century who with Phùng Hưng led a revolt against the Tang dynasty during the Third ...
,
Phùng Hưng
Phùng Hưng (馮興, ? – 789/791) was a chief and military leader who briefly reigned over Protectorate General to Pacify the South during the 8th century.
According to ''Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư'' (fascicle 6), Phùng Hưng, a nativ ...
and
Phùng An rebelled, due to Chinese governor Gao Zhengping's doubling of taxes. Tang forces retook Annan in 791.
In 803, a northern state of
Champa
Champa (Cham: ꨌꩌꨛꨩ; km, ចាម្ប៉ា; vi, Chiêm Thành or ) were a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is contemporary central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd cen ...
,
Huanwang, seized southern Annan. Troops working on garrison fortifications also revolted. From 803 to 863, local rebels killed or expelled no fewer than six protector-generals of Annan. In 820, Dương Thanh (Yang Qing) seized
Đại La Đại La (), means ''the Citadel of the Great Dike'', or La Thành (羅城, means ''the Citadel of the Dike'') was an ancient fortified city in present-day Hanoi during the third Chinese domination of the 7th and 8th centuries, and again in the 11 ...
and killed the protectorate general. Dương Thanh was unpopular due to his cruelty and put to death by the locals soon after, however the region continued to experience disorders for the next 16 years.
From 823 to 826, the
Nung people Nung may refer to:
* Nùng people, a Tai-speaking ethnic group of Vietnam and China
* Chinese Nùng, a group of ethnic Chinese of Vietnam
* Nùng language (Tai), a Kra-Dai language of Vietnam, China and Laos
* Nung language (Sino-Tibetan), a Sino-T ...
(Huang people), aided by raiders from Champa, attacked
Yongzhou
Yongzhou, formerly known as Lingling, is a prefecture-level city in the south of Hunan province, People's Republic of China, located on the southern bank of the Xiang River, which is formed by the confluence of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers, and b ...
and seized 18 counties. These raiders, known as the barbarians of the "Nung Grottoes" (Yellow Grotto Barbarians), sought aid from
Nanzhao
Nanzhao (, also spelled Nanchao, ) was a dynastic kingdom that flourished in what is now southern China and northern Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries. It was centered on present-day Yunnan in China.
History
Origins
Nanzha ...
after the Tang retaliated from 827-835. In 845 Wu Hun tried to get his troops to rebuild the city walls of Songping but they rebelled and forced him to flee. The rebellion was put down. In 846 "barbarians" from Yunnan raided Annan. Pei Yuanyu counterattacked with soldiers from neighboring provinces.
Rebellion, invasion, and renaming
In 854 the new Jiedushi of Annan, Li Zhuo, provoked conflict with the mountain tribes by reducing the salt trade and killing powerful chieftains, resulting in the defection of prominent local leaders to
Nanzhao
Nanzhao (, also spelled Nanchao, ) was a dynastic kingdom that flourished in what is now southern China and northern Southeast Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries. It was centered on present-day Yunnan in China.
History
Origins
Nanzha ...
. The general
Lý Do Độc, as well as others, submitted to Nanzhao. In 858, Nanzhao invaded Annan while new jiedushi, Li Hu, killed the son of a chieftain who was implicated in a mutiny, further alienating powerful clans in Annan and causing them to defect to Nanzhao. While Nanzhao invaded in earnest, the Đỗ clan rebelled with 30,000 men. In early 863 Nanzhao and tribal allies took Songping after a bitter
siege
A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition warfare, attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from la, sedere, lit=to sit. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity con ...
. There was general chaos as Nanzhao ravaged Annan, alienating the locals, and the balance of power see-sawed between Tang and Nanzhao forces. In 864, the experienced Tang general,
Gao Pian
Gao Pian (; 821? – 24 September 887Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter.''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 257.), courtesy name Qianli (), formally the Prince of Bohai (), was a Chinese military general, poet, and politician of the Tang ...
, led a counterattack that saw the defeat of Nanzhao forces in 866. He recaptured
Songping Songping (), or Tống Bình in Vietnamese, was a former imperial Chinese and Vietnamese settlement on the south bank of the Red River within the present-day Từ Liêm and Hoài Đức districts of Hanoi, Vietnam.
History
A fortified settlemen ...
, the capital of Annan, and named the rebuilt capital
Đại La Đại La (), means ''the Citadel of the Great Dike'', or La Thành (羅城, means ''the Citadel of the Dike'') was an ancient fortified city in present-day Hanoi during the third Chinese domination of the 7th and 8th centuries, and again in the 11 ...
. He also renamed the region of Annan to
Jinghai Jun (lit. Peaceful Sea Army).
Aftermath
The Tang conducted a campaign against aboriginals in Annan in 874-879. In 877, troops deployed from Annan in
Guangxi
Guangxi (; ; Chinese postal romanization, alternately romanized as Kwanghsi; ; za, Gvangjsih, italics=yes), officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR), is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of the People's Republic ...
mutinied. In 880, the army in Annan mutinied, taking the city of
Đại La Đại La (), means ''the Citadel of the Great Dike'', or La Thành (羅城, means ''the Citadel of the Dike'') was an ancient fortified city in present-day Hanoi during the third Chinese domination of the 7th and 8th centuries, and again in the 11 ...
, and forced the military commissioner Zeng Gun to flee north, ending de facto Chinese control in
Northern Vietnam
Northern Vietnam ( vi, Bắc Bộ) is one of three geographical regions within Vietnam. It consists of three administrative regions: the Northwest (Vùng Tây Bắc), the Northeast (Vùng Đông Bắc), and the Red River Delta (Đồng Bằng S ...
.
List of governors
Protectorate governors
Protectorate governors (都護) are civilian governors of the Protectorate. Military administration is held by
Jiedushi
The ''jiedushi'' (), or jiedu, was a title for regional military governors in China which was established in the Tang dynasty and abolished in the Yuan dynasty. The post of ''jiedushi'' has been translated as "military commissioner", "legate", ...
(Military commissioner). During rebellion and wartime, the two position can be held by the same person.
*Liu Yanyou 劉延祐 681–687
*Yang Min 楊敏 (During
Wu Zetian's reign)
*Cui Xuanxin 崔玄信 (During
Wu Zetian's reign)
*Guang Chuke 光楚客
*Xin Ziyan 辛子言
*He Lüguang 何履光 749–751
*Wang Zhijin 王知進
*Kang Qian 康謙
*Dou Meng 竇蒙
*Chao Heng 晁衡 (aka
Abe no Nakamaro
, whose Chinese name was Chao Heng (, pronounced ''Chōkō'' in Japanese), was a Japanese scholar and '' waka'' poet of the Nara period. He served on a Japanese envoy to Tang China and later became the Tang '' duhu'' (protectorate governor) o ...
) 761–767
*Zhang Boyi 張伯儀 767–777
*Wu Chongfu 烏崇福 777–782
*Li Mengqiu 李孟秋 782
*Fu Liangjiao 輔良交 782–785
*Zhang Ying 張應 788
*Pang Fu 龐復 789
*Gao Zhengping 高正平 790–791
*Zhao Chang 趙昌 791–802
*Pei Tai 裴泰 802–803
*Zhao Chang 804–806
*Zhang Zhou 張舟 806–810
*Ma Zong 馬總 810–813
*Zhang Mian 張勔 813
*Pei Xingli 裴行立 813–817
*Li Xianggu 李象古 817–819 - killed by Yang Qing, who rebelled and killed by Gui Zhongwu
*Gui Zhongwu 桂仲武 819–820
*Pei Xingli 820
*Gui Zhongwu 820–822
*Wang Chengbian 王承弁 822
*Li Yuanxi 李元喜 822–826
*Han Yue 韓約 827–828
*Zheng Chuo 鄭綽 831
*Liu Min 劉旻 833
*Han Wei 韓威 834
*Tian Zao 田早 835
*
Ma Zhi
Ma Zhi (馬植) (? - 857), courtesy name Cunzhi (存之), was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong.
Background and early career
It is not known when Ma Zhi was born. It is known ...
馬植 836–840
*Wu Hun 武渾 843
*Pei Yuanyu 裴元裕 846–847
*Tian Zaiyou 田在宥 849–850
*Cui Geng 崔耿 852
*Li Zhuo 李琢 853–855
*Song Ya 宋涯 857
*Li Hongfu 李弘甫 857–858
*
Wang Shi 王式 858–860 (military Jinglueshi)
*Li Hu 李鄠 860–861
*Wang Kuan 王寬 861–862
*Cai Xi 蔡襲 862–863 (military Jinglueshi)
*Song Rong 宋戎 863 (de jure Jinglueshi, Annam invaded by Nanzhao)
*Zhang Yin 張茵 864 (de jure Jinglueshi, Annam invaded by Nanzhao)
Culture and religion
![Box contain Śarīra, made by gold, Nghe An Vietnam, VI-VII century](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Box_contain_%C5%9Aar%C4%ABra%2C_made_by_gold%2C_Nghe_An_Vietnam%2C_VI-VII_century.jpg)
During the era of the Annan Protectorate, the indigenous people living within its jurisdiction had no particular name. They were referred to in Chinese writing as the ''Wild Man'' (Wild Barbarians), the ''Li'' or the Annamese. Since
antiquity the peoples of Northern Vietnam had been noted for their common tattooing and cropped hair, wearing line ponchos, wielded wooden spears, and shot boneheaded arrows. They also sacrificed men to their agricultural gods. In the north, around Yongzhou (
Nanning
Nanning (; ; za, Namzningz) is the capital and largest city by population of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in Southern China. It is known as the "Green City" because of its abundance of lush subtropical foliage. Located in the South of ...
), near modern-day
Guangxi
Guangxi (; ; Chinese postal romanization, alternately romanized as Kwanghsi; ; za, Gvangjsih, italics=yes), officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR), is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of the People's Republic ...
, mountains were the territories of the Huang (Ghwang) people or the "Grotto Barbarians", the
Nùng people
The Nùng (''pronounced as noong'' uːŋ are a Central Tai-speaking ethnic group living primarily in northeastern Vietnam and southwestern Guangxi. The Nùng sometimes call themselves Tho, which literally means '' autochthonous'' (indigenous ...
and the Ning clans.
Revival of direct Tang control over Annan for two centuries resulted in a hybrid Tang-indigenous culture, political and legal structures. Local
sinicized
Sinicization, sinofication, sinification, or sinonization (from the prefix , 'Chinese, relating to China') is the process by which non-Chinese societies come under the influence of Chinese culture, particularly the language, societal norms, cul ...
elites used Chinese script, and ordinary people and tribesmen adopted personal names and name styles that corresponding to
Vietnamese personal names until now. A large number of Chinese officers and soldiers were sent to Annan, some of whom married local women and settled down.
Buddhism
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and gra ...
thrived in Annan throughout the Tang era. Some of Chinese monks came and taught Chinese Buddhism in Annan.
Wu Yantong
Wu Yantong (Chinese: 無言通, known in Vietnam as Vô Ngôn Thông, 759?-826 C.E.) was a Chinese Buddhist monk influential in the propagation of Buddhism in Vietnam
Buddhism in Vietnam (''Đạo Phật'' 道佛 or ''Phật Giáo'' 佛教 in V ...
(d. 820), a prominent Chinese monk in Annan, brought a new sect of
Chan Buddhism
Chan (; of ), from Sanskrit '' dhyāna'' (meaning "meditation" or "meditative state"), is a Chinese school of Mahāyāna Buddhism. It developed in China from the 6th century CE onwards, becoming especially popular during the Tang and So ...
that survived for about five centuries. Local women had large roles and status in religious life and society. Vietnamese temples and monasteries differed with Chinese and other East Asian countries in their role as the ''
đình'', the village spiritual center, where village elders met. The famous Tang Chinese monk
Yijing
The ''I Ching'' or ''Yi Jing'' (, ), usually translated ''Book of Changes'' or ''Classic of Changes'', is an ancient Chinese divination text that is among the oldest of the Chinese classics. Originally a divination manual in the Western Zhou ...
mentioned six Vietnamese monks who went on pilgrimage to India and
Ceylon
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
in search of the
Dharma
Dharma (; sa, धर्म, dharma, ; pi, dhamma, italic=yes) is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others. Although there is no direct single-word translation for '' ...
. Although
Daoism
Taoism (, ) or Daoism () refers to either a school of philosophical thought (道家; ''daojia'') or to a religion (道教; ''daojiao''), both of which share ideas and concepts of Chinese origin and emphasize living in harmony with the ''Tao'' ...
became the dynasty's official religion, four prominent Tang poets praised Buddhist masters who hailed from Annan. Indigenous
Confucianist
Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China. Variously described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or ...
scholarly elites remained very relatively small. In 845, a Tang official reported to the throne that "Annan has produced no more than eight imperial officials; senior graduates have not exceeded ten."
Liêu Hữu Phương was the only recorded student from Annan to have passed the
classical exams in 816 in the Tang capital of
Chang'an
Chang'an (; ) is the traditional name of Xi'an. The site had been settled since Neolithic times, during which the Yangshao culture was established in Banpo, in the city's suburbs. Furthermore, in the northern vicinity of modern Xi'an, Qin Shi ...
. He succeeded on his second attempt and became a librarian at the imperial court.
Population
See also
*
Protectorate General to Pacify the East
The Protectorate-General to Pacify the East () was an administrative division of the Chinese Tang dynasty in Manchuria and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. It was established after the Tang dynasty defeated Goguryeo and annexed its ter ...
(Andong)
*
Protectorate General to Pacify the West
The Protectorate General to Pacify the West (Anxi Grand Protectorate), initially the Protectorate to Pacify the West (Anxi Protectorate), was a protectorate (640 – ) established by the Chinese Tang dynasty in 640 to control the Tarim Basin. Th ...
(Anxi)
*
Southward expansion of the Han dynasty
The southward expansion of the Han dynasty was a series of Chinese military campaigns and expeditions in what is now modern Southern China and Northern Vietnam. Military expansion to the south began under the previous Qin dynasty and continued ...
*
History of Vietnam
The history of Vietnam can be traced back to around 20,000 years ago, as the first modern humans arrived and settled on this land, known as the Hoabinhians, which can be traced to modern-day Negritos. Archaeological findings from 1965, which are ...
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Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty of China administered territory using a hierarchical system of three descending divisions: circuits (''dào'' 道), prefectures (''zhōu'' 州), and counties (''xiàn'' 縣). Prefectures have been called ''jùn'' (郡) as well ...
References
Bibliography
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{{Portal bar, Vietnam, History
Former provinces of China
Former countries in Vietnamese history
Military history of the Tang dynasty
Former commanderies of China in Vietnam
679 establishments
860s disestablishments
7th century in China
8th century in China
9th century in China
7th century in Vietnam
8th century in Vietnam
9th century in Vietnam
Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty