Profit And Loss

An income statement or profit and loss accountProfessional English in Use - Finance, Cambridge University Press, p. 10 (also referred to as a ''profit and loss statement'' (P&L), ''statement of profit or loss'', ''revenue statement'', ''statement of financial performance'', ''earnings statement'', ''statement of earnings'', ''operating statement'', or ''statement of operations'') is one of the financial statements of a company and shows the company's revenues and expenses during a particular period.

It indicates how the revenues (also known as the ''“top line”'') are transformed into the net income or net profit (the result after all revenues and expenses have been accounted for). The purpose of the income statement is to show managers and investors whether the company made money (profit) or lost money (loss) during the period being reported.

An income statement represents a period of time (as does the cash flow statement). This contrasts with the balance sheet, which represents a single moment in time.

Charitable organizations that are required to publish financial statements do not produce an income statement. Instead, they produce a similar statement that reflects funding sources compared against program expenses, administrative costs, and other operating commitments. This statement is commonly referred to as the ''statement of activities''. Revenues and expenses are further categorized in the statement of activities by the donor restrictions on the funds received and expended.

The income statement can be prepared in one of two methods. The Single Step income statement totals revenues and subtracts expenses to find the bottom line. The Multi-Step income statement takes several steps to find the bottom line: starting with the gross profit, then calculating operating expenses. Then when deducted from the gross profit, yields income from operations.

Adding to income from operations is the difference of other revenues and other expenses. When combined with income from operations, this yields income before taxes. The final step is to deduct taxes, which finally produces the net income for the period measured.

Usefulness and limitations of income statement

Income statements may help investors and creditors determine the past financial performance of the enterprise, predict the future performance, and assess the capability of generating future cash flows using the report of income and expenses. It's very important for the business.

However, information of an income statement has several limitations:
* Items that might be relevant but cannot be reliably measured are not reported (''e.g.'', brand recognition and loyalty).
* Some numbers depend on accounting methods used (''e.g.'', using FIFO or LIFO accounting to measure inventory level).
* Some numbers depend on judgments and estimates (''e.g.'', depreciation expense depends on estimated useful life and salvage value).

- INCOME STATEMENT GREENHARBOR LLC -
For the year ended DECEMBER 31 2010

€ €
Debit Credit
Revenues
GROSS REVENUES (including INTEREST income) 296,397
--------
Expenses:
ADVERTISING 6,300
BANK & CREDIT CARD FEES 144
BOOKKEEPING 2,350
SUBCONTRACTORS 88,000
ENTERTAINMENT 5,550
INSURANCE 750
LEGAL & PROFESSIONAL SERVICES 1,575
LICENSES 632
PRINTING, POSTAGE & STATIONERY 320
RENT 13,000
MATERIALS 74,400
TELEPHONE 1,000
UTILITIES 1,494
--------
TOTAL EXPENSES (195,515)
--------
NET INCOME 100,882

Guidelines for statements of comprehensive income and income statements of business entities are formulated by the International Accounting Standards Board and numerous country-specific organizations, for example the FASB in the U.S..

Names and usage of different accounts in the income statement depend on the type of organization, industry practices and the requirements of different jurisdictions.

If applicable to the business, summary values for the following items should be included in the income statement:"Presentation of Financial Statements"
International Accounting Standards Board. Accessed 17 July 2010.

Operating section

* Revenue - Cash inflows or other enhancements of assets (including accounts receivable) of an entity during a period from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or other activities that constitute the entity's ongoing major operations. It is usually presented as sales minus sales discounts, returns, and allowances. Every time a business sells a product or performs a service, it obtains revenue. This often is referred to as gross revenue or sales revenue.
* Expenses - Cash outflows or other using-up of assets or incurrence of liabilities (including accounts payable) during a period from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or carrying out other activities that constitute the entity's ongoing major operations.
** Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) / Cost of Sales - represents the direct costs attributable to goods produced and sold by a business (manufacturing or merchandizing). It includes ''material costs'', ''direct labour'', and ''overhead costs'' (as in absorption costing), and excludes operating costs (period costs) such as selling, administrative, advertising or R&D, etc.
** Selling, General and Administrative expenses (SG&A or SGA) - consist of the combined payroll costs. SGA is usually understood as a major portion of non-production related costs, in contrast to production costs such as direct labour.
*** Selling expenses - represent expenses needed to sell products (e.g., ''salaries of sales people, commissions and travel expenses, advertising, freight, shipping, depreciation of sales store buildings and equipment'', etc.).
*** General and Administrative (G&A) expenses - represent expenses to manage the business (''salaries of officers / executives, legal and professional fees, utilities, insurance, depreciation of office building and equipment, office rents, office supplies'', etc.).
** Depreciation / amortisation - the charge with respect to fixed assets / intangible assets that have been capitalised on the balance sheet for a specific (accounting) period. It is a systematic and rational allocation of cost rather than the recognition of market value decrement.
** Research & Development (R&D) expenses - represent expenses included in research and development.

''Expenses'' recognised in the income statement should be analysed either by nature (raw materials, transport costs, staffing costs, depreciation, employee benefit etc.) or by function (cost of sales, selling, administrative, etc.). (IAS 1.99) If an entity categorises by function, then additional information on the nature of expenses, at least, – depreciation, amortisation and employee benefits expense – must be disclosed. (IAS 1.104)
The major exclusive of costs of goods sold, are classified as operating expenses. These represent the resources expended, except for inventory purchases, in generating the revenue for the period. Expenses often are divided into two broad sub classifications selling expenses and administrative expenses.

Non-operating section

* Other revenues or gains - revenues and gains from other than primary business activities (e.g., ''rent'', ''income from patents'', goodwill). It also includes unusual gains that are either unusual or infrequent, but not both (e.g., ''gain from sale of securities'' or ''gain from disposal of fixed assets'')
* Other expenses or losses - expenses or losses not related to primary business operations, (e.g., ''foreign exchange loss'').
* Finance costs - costs of borrowing from various creditors (e.g., ''interest expenses'', ''bank charges'').
* Income tax expense - sum of the amount of tax payable to tax authorities in the current reporting period (current tax liabilities/ tax payable) and the amount of deferred tax liabilities (or assets).

Irregular items

They are reported separately because this way users can better predict future cash flows - irregular items most likely will not recur. These are reported ''net of taxes''.
* Discontinued operations is the most common type of irregular items. Shifting business location(s), stopping production temporarily, or changes due to technological improvement do not qualify as discontinued operations. Discontinued operations ''must'' be shown separately.

Cumulative effect of changes in accounting policies (principles) is the difference between the book value of the affected assets (or liabilities) under the old policy (principle) and what the book value would have been if the new principle had been applied in the prior periods. For example, valuation of inventories using LIFO instead of weighted average method. The changes should be applied retrospectively and shown as adjustments to the ''beginning'' balance of affected components in Equity. All comparative financial statements should be restated. (IAS 8)

However, ''changes in estimates'' (e.g., estimated useful life of a fixed asset) only requires prospective changes. (IAS 8)

No items may be presented in the income statement as extraordinary items under IFRS regulations, but are permissible under US GAAP. (IAS 1.87) ''Extraordinary items'' are both unusual (abnormal) and infrequent, for example, unexpected natural disaster, expropriation, prohibitions under new regulations. ote: natural disaster might not qualify depending on location (e.g., frost damage would not qualify in Canada but would in the tropics).
Additional items may be needed to fairly present the entity's results of operations. (IAS 1.85)

Disclosures

Certain items must be disclosed separately in the notes (or the statement of comprehensive income), if material, including: (IAS 1.98)

* Write-downs of inventories to net realisable value or of property, plant and equipment to recoverable amount, as well as ''reversals'' of such write-downs
* Restructurings of the activities of an entity and ''reversals'' of any provisions for the costs of restructuring
* Disposals of items of property, plant and equipment
* Disposals of investments
*Discontinued operations
* Litigation settlements
* Other reversals of provisions

Earnings per share

Because of its importance, earnings per share (EPS) are required to be disclosed on the face of the income statement. A company which reports any of the irregular items must also report EPS for these items either in the statement or in the notes.

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There are two forms of EPS reported:
* Basic: in this case “weighted average of shares outstanding” includes only actual stocks outstanding.
* Diluted: in this case “weighted average of shares outstanding” is calculated as if all stock options, warrants, convertible bonds, and other securities that could be transformed into shares ''are'' transformed. This increases the number of shares and so EPS decreases. Diluted EPS is considered to be a more reliable way to measure EPS.

Sample income statement

The following income statement is a very brief example prepared in accordance with IFRS. It does not show all possible kinds of accounts, but it shows the most usual ones. Differences between IFRS and US GAAP would affect the interpretation of the following sample income statements.

Bottom line

“Bottom line” is the net income that is calculated after subtracting the expenses from revenue. Since this forms the last line of the income statement, it is informally called “bottom line.” It is important to investors as it represents the profit for the year attributable to the shareholders.

After revision to IAS 1 in 2003, the Standard is now using profit or loss for the year rather than ''net profit or loss'' or ''net income'' as the descriptive term for the bottom line of the income statement.

Requirements of IFRS

On 6 September 2007, the International Accounting Standards Board issued a revised ''IAS 1: Presentation of Financial Statements'', which is effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009.

A business entity adopting IFRS must include:
* a statement of comprehensive income or
* ''two'' separate statements comprising:
:# an income statement displaying components of profit or loss ''and''
:# a ''statement of comprehensive income'' that ''begins'' with profit or loss (bottom line of the income statement) and displays the items of other comprehensive income for the reporting period. (IAS1.81)

All non-owner changes in equity (i.e., ''comprehensive income'') shall be presented either in the statement of comprehensive income or in a separate income statement and a statement of comprehensive income. Components of comprehensive income may not be presented in the statement of changes in equity.

''Comprehensive income'' for a period includes profit or loss (net income) for that period and other comprehensive income recognised in that period.

All items of income and expense recognised in a period must be included in profit or loss unless a Standard or an Interpretation requires otherwise. (IAS 1.88) Some IFRSs require or permit that some components to be excluded from profit or loss and instead to be included in other comprehensive income. (IAS 1.89)

Items and disclosures

The statement of comprehensive income should include: (IAS 1.82)
# Revenue
# Finance costs (including interest expenses)
# Share of the profit or loss of associates and joint ventures accounted for using the equity method
# Tax expense
# A ''single'' amount comprising the total of (1) the ''post-tax'' profit or loss of ''discontinued operations'' and (2) the ''post-tax'' gain or loss recognised on the disposal of the assets or disposal group(s) constituting the ''discontinued operation''
# Profit or loss
# Each component of other comprehensive income classified by nature
# Share of the other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures accounted for using the equity method
# Total comprehensive income

The following items must also be disclosed in the statement of comprehensive income as allocations for the period: (IAS 1.83)
* Profit or loss for the period attributable to non-controlling interests and owners of the parent
* Total comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests and owners of the parent

''No'' items may be presented in the statement of comprehensive income (or in the income statement, if separately presented) or in the notes as ''extraordinary items''.

See also

*Comprehensive income
*Cash flow
*Trading statement
*Profit model
*Statement of changes in equity
*Model audit
*International Financial Reporting Standards (and their requirements)

* Profit and Loss Accounts

References

* Harry I. Wolk, James L. Dodd, Michael G. Tearney. ''Accounting Theory: Conceptual Issues in a Political and Economic Environment'' (2004). .
* Angelico A. Groppelli, Ehsan Nikbakht. ''Finance'' (2000). .
* Barry J. Epstein, Eva K. Jermakowicz. ''Interpretation and Application of International Financial Reporting Standards'' (2007). .
* Jan R. Williams, Susan F. Haka, Mark S. Bettner, Joseph V. Carcello. ''Financial & Managerial Accounting'' (2008). .

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Accounting terminology