![Peñafiel, Valladolid, Spain - panoramio](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Pe%C3%B1afiel%2C_Valladolid%2C_Spain_-_panoramio.jpg)
A presidio ( en, jail, fortification) was a fortified base established by the
Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire ( es, link=no, Imperio español), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Hispánica) or the Catholic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Católica) was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its prede ...
around between
16th
16 (sixteen) is the natural number following 15 and preceding 17. 16 is a composite number, and a square number, being 42 = 4 × 4. It is the smallest number with exactly five divisors, its proper divisors being , , and .
In English speech, ...
and
18th
18 (eighteen) is the natural number following 17 and preceding 19.
In mathematics
* Eighteen is a composite number, its divisors being 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9. Three of these divisors (3, 6 and 9) add up to 18, hence 18 is a semiperfect number. ...
centuries in areas in condition of their control or influence. The presidios of
Spanish Philippines
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Cana ...
in particular, were centers where the martial art of
Arnis de Mano was developed from Spanish cut-and-thrust
fencing
Fencing is a group of three related combat sports. The three disciplines in modern fencing are the foil, the épée, and the sabre (also ''saber''); winning points are made through the weapon's contact with an opponent. A fourth discipline, s ...
style.
The term is derived from the
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
word ''praesidium'' meaning ''protection'' or ''defense''.
In the
Mediterranean
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the e ...
and the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
, the presidios were outposts of Christian defense against Islamic raids. In the Americas, the
fortresses were built to protect against raid of
pirate
Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable goods. Those who conduct acts of piracy are called pirates, v ...
s, rival colonists, as well as
Native Americans.
Later in western
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...
, with independence, the Mexicans garrisoned the Spanish presidios on the northern frontier and followed the same pattern in unsettled frontier regions such as the
Presidio de Sonoma, at
Sonoma, California
Sonoma is a city in Sonoma County, California, United States, located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. Sonoma is one of the principal cities of California's Wine Country and the center of the Sonoma Valley AVA. Sonoma's p ...
, and the
Presidio de Calabasas
The Presidio de Calabasas, also known as Fort Calabasas or Camp Calabasas, was a stone fortress built by Mexico in 1837 south of Tumacacori, Arizona. It was built on the land of the Grant of Manuel María Gándara, by Gándara to protect his land ...
, in
Arizona
Arizona ( ; nv, Hoozdo Hahoodzo ; ood, Alĭ ṣonak ) is a state in the Southwestern United States. It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is part of the Fou ...
.
In western North America, a ''rancho del rey'' or ''kings ranch'' would be established a short distance outside a presidio. This was a tract of land assigned to the presidio to furnish pasturage to the horses and other beasts of burden of the garrison. Mexico called this facility "rancho nacional".
Presidios were only accessible to Spanish military and soldiers.
North Africa
![Ceuta Spain](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Ceuta_Spain.jpg)
After the
Granada War and the completion of the Spanish ''
Reconquista
The ' (Spanish, Portuguese and Galician for "reconquest") is a historiographical construction describing the 781-year period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid ...
'', the
Catholic Monarchs took their fight across the
Strait of Gibraltar
The Strait of Gibraltar ( ar, مضيق جبل طارق, Maḍīq Jabal Ṭāriq; es, Estrecho de Gibraltar, Archaic: Pillars of Hercules), also known as the Straits of Gibraltar, is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Medi ...
, as the Portuguese had done several generations earlier with the conquest of
Ceuta
Ceuta (, , ; ar, سَبْتَة, Sabtah) is a Spanish autonomous city on the north coast of Africa.
Bordered by Morocco, it lies along the boundary between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of several Spanish territorie ...
in 1415. The establishment of Spanish military outposts on the North African coast echoed earlier endeavors by the
Kingdom of Sicily
The Kingdom of Sicily ( la, Regnum Siciliae; it, Regno di Sicilia; scn, Regnu di Sicilia) was a state that existed in the south of the Italian Peninsula and for a time the region of Ifriqiya from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 un ...
in the 12th century (and again in
Djerba under
Frederick III of Sicily
Frederick II (or III) (13 December 1272 – 25 June 1337) was the regent of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1291 until 1295 and subsequently King of Sicily from 1295 until his death. He was the third son of Peter III of Aragon and served in the W ...
) and the
Kingdom of France
The Kingdom of France ( fro, Reaume de France; frm, Royaulme de France; french: link=yes, Royaume de France) is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period. ...
in the 13th century (
Eighth Crusade
The Eighth Crusade was the second Crusade launched by Louis IX of France, this one against the Hafsid dynasty in Tunisia in 1270. It is also known as the Crusade of Louis IX against Tunis or the Second Crusade of Louis. The Crusade did not see ...
of 1270). During the period of
Iberian Union between 1580 and 1640, the Spanish Crown gained Ceuta and the Portuguese outposts on the Atlantic Coast, such as
Tangier
Tangier ( ; ; ar, طنجة, Ṭanja) is a city in northwestern Morocco. It is on the Moroccan coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. The town is the cap ...
,
Mazagão/El Jadida and
Casablanca
Casablanca, also known in Arabic as Dar al-Bayda ( ar, الدَّار الْبَيْضَاء, al-Dār al-Bayḍāʾ, ; ber, ⴹⴹⴰⵕⵍⴱⵉⴹⴰ, ḍḍaṛlbiḍa, : "White House") is the largest city in Morocco and the country's econom ...
; but of these, it only retained Ceuta by the
Treaty of Lisbon (1668)
The Treaty of Lisbon of 1668 was a peace treaty between Portugal and Spain that was concluded at Lisbon on 13 February 1668 with the mediation of England in which Spain recognised the sovereignty of Portugal's new ruling dynasty, the House of Bra ...
.
The Spanish North African ''presidios'' are listed here in geographical sequence, from West to East, and including neither Spain's Atlantic settlements in the Moroccan far South (e.g.
Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña) nor outposts gained after 1830 (e.g. the
Chafarinas Islands
The Chafarinas Islands ( es, Islas Chafarinas , ber, Igumamen Iceffaren, script=Latn or , ar, جزر الشفارين or ), also spelled Zafarin, Djaferin or Zafarani, are a group of three small Spanish islets located in the Alboran Sea off th ...
).
*
Mehdya, Morocco
Mehdya ( ar-at, المهدية, al-Mahdiyā), also Mehdia or Mehedya, is a town in Kénitra Province, Rabat-Salé-Kénitra, Morocco. Previously called al-Ma'mura, it was known as São João da Mamora under 16th century Portuguese occupation, or as ...
(''La Mamora'' or ''San Miguel de Ultramar''), 1614–1681
*
Larache, 1610–1689
*
Ceuta
Ceuta (, , ; ar, سَبْتَة, Sabtah) is a Spanish autonomous city on the north coast of Africa.
Bordered by Morocco, it lies along the boundary between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of several Spanish territorie ...
, acquired from Portugal in 1668
*
Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera
(; ) is a Spanish exclave and rocky tied island, in the western Mediterranean Sea, connected to the Moroccan shore by a sandy isthmus. It is also connected to a smaller islet to the east, La Isleta, by a rocky isthmus. The tied island was name ...
, 1508–1522 and since 1564
*
Alhucemas Islands
The Alhucemas Islands ( es, Islas Alhucemas, ar, جزر الحسيمة) is a group of islands and one of the Spanish '' plazas de soberanía'' just off the Moroccan coast in the Alboran Sea.
Overview
Peñón de Alhucemas, together with ...
, since 1559
*
Cazaza
Cazaza was a Spanish enclave on the western coast of Cape Three Forks, in what is today Morocco, around 18 km from Melilla. It was here that the exiled Boabdil, last Emir of Granada, landed when he left the Iberian Peninsula in 1492.
In 15 ...
, 1505–1533
*
Melilla
Melilla ( , ; ; rif, Mřič ; ar, مليلية ) is an autonomous city of Spain located in north Africa. It lies on the eastern side of the Cape Three Forks, bordering Morocco and facing the Mediterranean Sea. It has an area of . It was par ...
, since 1497
*
Honaine
Honaine is a town and commune in Tlemcen Province in northwestern Algeria.
Geography
The territory of the commune of Honaïne is situated to the north of the wilaya of Tlemcen.
Honaïne is a port city on the south-western shore of the Mediterranea ...
, briefly in 1534
*
Mers El Kébir
Mers El Kébir ( ar, المرسى الكبير, translit=al-Marsā al-Kabīr, lit=The Great Harbor ) is a port on the Mediterranean Sea, near Oran in Oran Province, northwest Algeria. It is famous for the attack on the French fleet in 1940, in t ...
(''Mazalquivir''), 1505–1708 and 1732–1792
*
Oran
Oran ( ar, وَهران, Wahrān) is a major coastal city located in the north-west of Algeria. It is considered the second most important city of Algeria after the capital Algiers, due to its population and commercial, industrial, and cultural ...
, 1509–1708 and 1732–1792
*
Algiers
Algiers ( ; ar, الجزائر, al-Jazāʾir; ber, Dzayer, script=Latn; french: Alger, ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. The city's population at the 2008 Census was 2,988,145Census 14 April 2008: Office National des Statistiques ...
(''Argel''), 1510–1516;
Peñón islet until 1529
*
Béjaïa (''Bugia''), 1510–1555
*
Annaba
Annaba ( ar, عنّابة, "Place of the Jujubes"; ber, Aânavaen), formerly known as Bon, Bona and Bône, is a seaport city in the northeastern corner of Algeria, close to the border with Tunisia. Annaba is near the small Seybouse River ...
(''Bona''), 1535–1540
*
Bizerte
Bizerte or Bizerta ( ar, بنزرت, translit=Binzart , it, Biserta, french: link=no, Bizérte) the classical Hippo, is a city of Bizerte Governorate in Tunisia. It is the northernmost city in Africa, located 65 km (40mil) north of the cap ...
(''Bizerta''), 1535–1574
*
La Goulette
La Goulette (, it, La Goletta), in Arabic Halq al-Wadi ( '), is a municipality and the port of Tunis, Tunisia.
La Goulette is located at around on a sandbar between Lake Tūnis and the Gulf of Tunis. The port, located 12km east of Tunis, is th ...
(''La Goleta''), 1535–1574
*
Tunis
''Tounsi'' french: Tunisois
, population_note =
, population_urban =
, population_metro = 2658816
, population_density_km2 =
, timezone1 = CET
, utc_offset1 ...
(''Túnez''), 1573–1574 (protectorate from 1535 to 1569)
*
Sousse
Sousse or Soussa ( ar, سوسة, ; Berber:''Susa'') is a city in Tunisia, capital of the Sousse Governorate. Located south of the capital Tunis, the city has 271,428 inhabitants (2014). Sousse is in the central-east of the country, on the Gulf ...
(''Susa''), 1537–1574
*
Monastir, 1550–1554
*
Mahdia (''Mahdía''), 1550–1553
*
Djerba (''Yerba''), 1521–1523 and 1551–1560
*
Tripoli
Tripoli or Tripolis may refer to:
Cities and other geographic units Greece
*Tripoli, Greece, the capital of Arcadia, Greece
* Tripolis (region of Arcadia), a district in ancient Arcadia, Greece
* Tripolis (Larisaia), an ancient Greek city in ...
(''Trípoli''), 1510–1530 then granted to the
Knights Hospitaller
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( la, Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), was a medieval and early modern Catholic Church, Catholic Military ord ...
who
held it until 1551
File:Velez de la Gomera.jpg, Vélez de la Gomera Velez may refer to:
Places
* Vélez de Benaudalla, Spain
* Vélez Sársfield (barrio), Buenos Aires, Argentina
* Vélez-Blanco, Spain
* Vélez-Málaga, Spain
* Vélez-Rubio, Spain
* Vélez, Santander, Colombia
* Velež (Bosnia and Herzegovina), a m ...
File:Melilla un día de regatas.jpg, Melilla
Melilla ( , ; ; rif, Mřič ; ar, مليلية ) is an autonomous city of Spain located in north Africa. It lies on the eastern side of the Cape Three Forks, bordering Morocco and facing the Mediterranean Sea. It has an area of . It was par ...
File:Spanish fortress mers El kebir.jpg, Mers El Kébir
Mers El Kébir ( ar, المرسى الكبير, translit=al-Marsā al-Kabīr, lit=The Great Harbor ) is a port on the Mediterranean Sea, near Oran in Oran Province, northwest Algeria. It is famous for the attack on the French fleet in 1940, in t ...
File:Bordj Moussa.jpeg, Spanish fort (''Bordj Moussa'') in Béjaïa
File:LA GOULETTE 1.JPG, La Goulette
La Goulette (, it, La Goletta), in Arabic Halq al-Wadi ( '), is a municipality and the port of Tunis, Tunisia.
La Goulette is located at around on a sandbar between Lake Tūnis and the Gulf of Tunis. The port, located 12km east of Tunis, is th ...
File:Chikly avec le Djebel Zaghouan en arrière-plan.jpg, Spanish fort of Chikly Island on the Lake of Tunis
The Lake of Tunis ( ''Buḥayra Tūnis''; ) is a natural lagoon located between the Tunisian capital city of Tunis and the Gulf of Tunis (Mediterranean Sea). The lake covers a total of 37 square kilometres, in contrast to its size its depth i ...
File:Tripoli castle2.jpg, Red Castle of Tripoli
The Red Castle, in Arabic As-saraya Al-hamra (), sometimes also Red Fort or Red Saraya, is a major landmark on the waterfront of Tripoli, bordering Martyrs' Square. It has been the home of the Red Castle Museum (under various names) since 1919, a ...
Italy
Several fortresses formerly held by the
Republic of Siena were acquired by Spain following the latter's demise, by treaty between
Philip II of Spain
Philip II) in Spain, while in Portugal and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as Philip I ( pt, Filipe I). (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent ( es, Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from ...
and
Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Cosimo I de' Medici (12 June 1519 – 21 April 1574) was the second Duke of Florence from 1537 until 1569, when he became the first Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title he held until his death.
Life
Rise to power
Cosimo was born in Florence on 12 ...
on 3 July 1557, to form what became known as the ''Estado de los Presidios''. They were held by Spain until the
War of the Spanish Succession
The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict that took place from 1701 to 1714. The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Phil ...
, when they came under Austrian ownership, and were administered from
Naples
Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
.
*
Porto Ercole
Porto Ercole () is an Italian town located in the municipality of Monte Argentario, in the Province of Grosseto, Tuscany. It is one of the two major towns that form the township, along with Porto Santo Stefano. Its name means "Port Hercules".
Ge ...
*
Porto Santo Stefano
Porto Santo Stefano () is a seaport town on the west coast of Italy, in the municipality of Monte Argentario, in the Province of Grosseto, Tuscany. It is the municipal seat of Monte Argentario and one of the two major towns that form the township ...
*
Orbetello
Orbetello is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Grosseto (Tuscany), Italy. It is located about south of Grosseto, on the eponymous lagoon, which is home to an important Natural Reserve.
History
Orbetello was an ancient Etruscan settlemen ...
*
Talamone
*
Ansedonia
*
Giannutri
*
Porto Azzurro
File:Porto Ercole - Vista fortezza dalla rocca.JPG, Forte Filippo (Philip II Fortress), Porto Ercole
Porto Ercole () is an Italian town located in the municipality of Monte Argentario, in the Province of Grosseto, Tuscany. It is one of the two major towns that form the township, along with Porto Santo Stefano. Its name means "Port Hercules".
Ge ...
File:Forte Stella Porto Ercole (GR).jpg, Forte Stella, Porto Ercole
Porto Ercole () is an Italian town located in the municipality of Monte Argentario, in the Province of Grosseto, Tuscany. It is one of the two major towns that form the township, along with Porto Santo Stefano. Its name means "Port Hercules".
Ge ...
File:Palazzo dei Governanti Porto Ercole (GR).jpg, Governors Palace, Porto Ercole
Porto Ercole () is an Italian town located in the municipality of Monte Argentario, in the Province of Grosseto, Tuscany. It is one of the two major towns that form the township, along with Porto Santo Stefano. Its name means "Port Hercules".
Ge ...
Philippines
Luzon
*The
Presidio de Santiago, founded in 1593 in
Intramuros
Intramuros (Latin for "inside the walls") is the historic walled area within the city of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. It is administered by the Intramuros Administration with the help of the city government of Manila.
Present-day I ...
, Manila
*The
Presidio de San Felipe (Cavite), founded in 1609 in San Roque,
Cavite
Cavite, officially the Province of Cavite ( tl, Lalawigan ng Kabite; Chavacano: ''Provincia de Cavite''), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon. Located on the southern shores of Manila Bay and southwest ...
Visayas
*The
Presidio de Lawis in
Madridejos, Cebu
Madridejos, officially the Municipality of Madridejos ( ceb, Lungsod sa Madridejos; tgl, Bayan ng Madridejos), is a 4th class municipality of the Philippines, municipality in the Philippine Province, province of Cebu, Philippines. According to ...
, the current structure is the oldest in the country laid down around 1628–1630
*The
Presidio (Fort) de San Pedro (Iloilo), founded in 1616 in
Iloilo City
Iloilo City, officially the City of Iloilo ( hil, Siyudad/Dakbanwa sang Iloilo; fil, Lungsod ng Iloilo), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Western Visayas region of the Philippines on the island of Panay. It is the capital city of t ...
*The
Presidio de San Pedro (Cebu), founded in 1630 in
Cebu
Cebu (; ceb, Sugbo), officially the Province of Cebu ( ceb, Lalawigan sa Sugbo; tl, Lalawigan ng Cebu; hil, Kapuroan sang Sugbo), is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, and consists of a main island and 167 ...
Mindanao
*The
Presidio de Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Zaragoza, founded in 1635 in
Zamboanga
Mexico
![Antiguo Palacio Municipal Villa de Seris-1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Antiguo_Palacio_Municipal_Villa_de_Seris-1.JPG)
Few presidios were established in the present-day desert frontier regions in northern Mexico to control and confine the existing rebellious indigenous tribes. Captured indigenous warriors were confined and enslaved at the presidio.
["As the eighteenth century unfolded, military garrisons and soldiers superseded the missions as the lynchpins of Spain’s efforts to stabilize the frontier. With the new approach came new forms of coercion. The word “presidio” captures the dual purpose of garrison and prison." Reséndez, Andrés. The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America (p. 205). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kindle Edition.]
Baja California Sur
* The
Real Presidio de Loreto, founded in 1697 in
Loreto, Baja California Sur.
Nuevo León
*The
Presidio San Gregorio de Cerralvo
A presidio ( en, jail, fortification) was a fortified base established by the Spanish Empire around between 16th and 18th centuries in areas in condition of their control or influence. The presidios of Spanish Philippines in particular, were cent ...
, founded in 1626 in
Cerralvo.
Sonora
*The
Presidio del Pitic, founded in 1726 in
Hermosillo, Sonora
*The
Presidio Santa Gertrudis del Altar, founded in 1755 in
Altar, Sonora
*The
Presidio de Santa Rosa de Corodéguachi, founded in 1692, near the
Sonora
Sonora (), officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora ( en, Free and Sovereign State of Sonora), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the Administrative divisions of Mexico, Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is d ...
/
Arizona
Arizona ( ; nv, Hoozdo Hahoodzo ; ood, Alĭ ṣonak ) is a state in the Southwestern United States. It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is part of the Fou ...
border and later moved to
Fronteras, Sonora
Durango
* The
Presidio de Santa Catalina de Tepehuanes (1620 – 1690s?), in
Santa Catarina de Tepehuanes.
* The
Presidio del Pasaje
A presidio ( en, jail, fortification) was a fortified base established by the Spanish Empire around between 16th and 18th centuries in areas in condition of their control or influence. The presidios of Spanish Philippines in particular, were cen ...
(1685), on
Rio Nazas northwest of
Cuencamé
Cuencamé is a small city and the seat of the municipality of Cuencamé in the state of Durango, which is in northern Mexico. , the city had a total population of 9,848.
City
Cuencamé was originally a very small town formed by adjoining wild ...
.
* The
Presidio de San Pedro del Gallo (1690s), in
San Pedro del Gallo
San Pedro del Gallo is a town and seat of the municipality of San Pedro del Gallo, in the state of Durango, north-western Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of Nor ...
.
* The
Presidio de Santiago de Mapimí
A presidio ( en, jail, fortification) was a fortified base established by the Spanish Empire around between 16th and 18th centuries in areas in condition of their control or influence. The presidios of Spanish Philippines in particular, were ce ...
(1715), in
Mapimí.
* The
Presidio de San Miguel de Cerrogordo (1648–1767) in
Villa Hidalgo.
Chihuahua
*The
Presidio de El Paso del Río Grande del Norte (1683–1773), at Ciudad Juárez, across the river from
El Paso, Texas
El Paso (; "the pass") is a city in and the county seat, seat of El Paso County, Texas, El Paso County in the western corner of the U.S. state of Texas. The 2020 population of the city from the United States Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau w ...
. Later relocated south in 1773 to
Carrizal.
*The
Presidio de San Felipe y Santiago de Janos (1691-?), in
Janos.
*The
Presidio de Casas Grandes
A presidio ( en, jail, fortification) was a fortified base established by the Spanish Empire around between 16th century, 16th and 18th century, 18th centuries in areas in condition of their control or influence. The presidios of Captaincy Genera ...
(1686), was relocated to Janos in 1691.
*The
Presidio de San Francisco de Conchos
A presidio ( en, jail, fortification) was a fortified base established by the Spanish Empire around between 16th and 18th centuries in areas in condition of their control or influence. The presidios of Spanish Philippines in particular, were cen ...
, founded in 1685 at
San Francisco de Conchos
San Francisco de Conchos is a town
A town is a human settlement. Towns are generally larger than villages and smaller than cities, though the criteria to distinguish between them vary considerably in different parts of the world.
Orig ...
.
*The
Presidio de San Bartolomé (? – 1710), located 20 km east of
Parral. Replaced by flying squadron operating from the Post of Valle de San Bartolomé (1710 – ?).
*The
Presidio de San Carlos de Cerro Gordo, founded in 1772 at
Manuel Benavides
Manuel Benavides is a small town and seat of the municipality of Manuel Benavides, in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. As of 2010, the town had a population of 916, up from 200 as of 2005. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. ...
.
*The
Presidio de Nuestra Señora de las Caldas de Guajoquilla, founded in 1752 in
Jiménez
* The
Presidio de San Fernando de Carrizal
A presidio ( en, jail, fortification) was a fortified base established by the Spanish Empire around between 16th and 18th centuries in areas in condition of their control or influence. The presidios of Spanish Philippines in particular, were cent ...
(1758 – ?)
Coahuila
*The
Presidio del Santísimo Sacramento del Valle de Santa Rosa
A presidio ( en, jail, fortification) was a fortified base established by the Spanish Empire around between 16th and 18th centuries in areas in condition of their control or influence. The presidios of Spanish Philippines in particular, were cent ...
, founded in 1780 in
Santa Rosa de Múzquiz
*The
Presidio San Juan Bautista del Río Grande, founded around 1703 in San Juan Bautista, now the present-day
Guerrero, Coahuila
*The
Presidio San Antonio Bucareli de la Babia, founded in 1774 in
Cuatro Ciénegas
United States
South Carolina
* The Presidio
Santa Elena, founded in 1566 on
Parris Island
Parris is both a given name and surname. Notable people with the name include:
Given name
* Parris Afton Bonds, American novelist
* Parris Campbell (born 1997), American football player
* Parris Duffus (born 1970), retired American ice hockey go ...
, destroyed by
Native Americans in 1576, re-established in 1577, abandoned in 1587
Georgia
* The Presidio
Guale
Guale was a historic Native American chiefdom of Mississippian culture peoples located along the coast of present-day Georgia and the Sea Islands. Spanish Florida established its Roman Catholic missionary system in the chiefdom in the late 16th ...
, founded in 1566, abandoned three months later
* The Presidio
San Pedro de Tacatacuru, founded in 1569 on
Cumberland Island, abandoned in 1573
Florida
* The Presidio San Augustin, founded in 1565, which developed into the city of
St. Augustine
Augustine of Hippo ( , ; la, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Afri ...
, ceded to
Great Britain
Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world. It is ...
in 1763, regained 20 years later, and transferred to the United States in 1821
* The Presidio San Mateo, founded in 1565 on the ruins of
Fort Caroline, captured and destroyed by the French in 1568
* The Presidio
Ais AIS may refer to:
Medicine
* Abbreviated Injury Scale, an anatomical-based coding system to classify and describe the severity of injuries
* Acute ischemic stroke, the thromboembolic type of stroke
* Androgen insensitivity syndrome, an intersex ...
, founded in 1565 on the
Indian River Lagoon
The Indian River Lagoon is a grouping of three lagoons: the Mosquito Lagoon, the Banana River, and the Indian River, on the Atlantic Coast of Florida; one of the most biodiverse estuaries in the Northern Hemisphere and is home to more than 4,300 ...
, abandoned after one month
* The Presidio Santa Lucia, founded in 1565 near
Cape Canaveral
, image = cape canaveral.jpg
, image_size = 300
, caption = View of Cape Canaveral from space in 1991
, map = Florida#USA
, map_width = 300
, type =Cape
, map_caption = Location in Florida
, location ...
, abandoned four months later
* The Presidio San Antonio de Padua, founded in 1566 at
Calos, capital of the
Calusa
The Calusa ( ) were a Native American people of Florida's southwest coast. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region. Previous indigenous cultures had lived in the area for thousands of years.
At the time of ...
, abandoned in 1569
* The Presidio
Tocobaga, founded in 1567 on
Tampa Bay, destroyed by the Tocobagas within ten months
* The Presidio
Tequesta
The Tequesta (also Tekesta, Tegesta, Chequesta, Vizcaynos) were a Native American tribe. At the time of first European contact they occupied an area along the southeastern Atlantic coast of Florida. They had infrequent contact with Europeans a ...
, founded in 1567 on the site of what is now
Miami
Miami ( ), officially the City of Miami, known as "the 305", "The Magic City", and "Gateway to the Americas", is a East Coast of the United States, coastal metropolis and the County seat, county seat of Miami-Dade County, Florida, Miami-Dade C ...
, abandoned in 1568
* The
Presidio Santa Maria de Galve
The Presidio Santa María de Galve, founded in 1698 by Spanish colonists, was the first European settlement of Pensacola, Florida after that of Tristan de Luna in 1559–1561. It was in the area of Fort Barrancas at modern-day Naval Air Station Pe ...
, founded in 1696, near
Fort Barrancas at present-day
Naval Air Station Pensacola; captured by French in 1719, Spanish relocated to Presidio Bahía San José de Nueva Asturias (see below)
* The Presidio Bahía San José de Valladares, founded in 1701 on
St. Joseph Bay, captured by French in 1718
* The Presidio San Marcos de Apalachee, founded in 1718 at the existing port of San Marcos, which developed into the town of
St. Marks, ceded to Great Britain in 1763, regained 20 years later, and transferred to the United States in 1821
* The Presidio Bahía San José de Nueva Asturias, founded in 1719 on
St. Joseph Point, abandoned when Spanish regained Pensacola Bay area from French in 1722, Spanish relocated to Presidio Isla Santa Rosa Punta de Siguenza (see below)
* The Presidio Isla Santa Rosa Punta de Siguenza, founded in 1722 on
Santa Rosa Island, destroyed by a hurricane in 1755, Spanish relocated to Presidio San Miguel de Panzacola (see below)
* The Presidio San Miguel de Panzacola, founded in 1755, which developed into the city of
Pensacola, ceded to Great Britain in 1763, regained 20 years later, and transferred to the United States in 1821
Louisiana
*The
Presidio Nuestra Señora del Pilar de los Adaes, founded in 1721 near the present-day
Robeline
Robeline is a village in western Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 183 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Natchitoches Micropolitan Statistical Area.
History
Robeline was the capital of Texas for 50 years. ...
Texas
![Fort Independence (Goliad) 1836](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Fort_Independence_%28Goliad%29_1836.jpg)
*The
Presidio Fuerte de Santa Cruz del Cibolo, founded in 1734 and re-established in 1771 near
Cestohowa, Texas
Cestohowa is an unincorporated community in Karnes County, Texas, United States. In 2000 it had a population of 110.
Geography
Cestohowa is located at (29.0099721, -97.9347253). It is situated along FM 3191, one mile west of State Highway 123 ...
in
Karnes County, Texas, (between San Antonio and Goliad).
*The
Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, founded in 1718 in
San Antonio
("Cradle of Freedom")
, image_map =
, mapsize = 220px
, map_caption = Interactive map of San Antonio
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = United States
, subdivision_type1= U.S. state, State
, subdivision_name1 = Texas
, s ...
*The
Presidio Nuestra Señora de Loreto, founded in 1721, near Lavaca Bay, now in
Goliad
*The
Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas
Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas, now better known as Presidio of San Sabá, was founded in April 1757 near present-day Menard, Texas, United States to protect the Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá, established at the same time. The presidio and mi ...
San Saba, founded in 1772 near the present-day
Menard
Menard may refer to:
Places
Canada
*Menard River, a tributary of the Wawagosic River in Quebec, Canada
United States
* Menard County, Illinois
** Menard, Illinois
* Menard County, Texas
** Menard, Texas
* Menard–Hodges site, archaeological s ...
*The
Presidio de la Junta de los Ríos Norte y Conchos
A presidio ( en, jail, fortification) was a fortified base established by the Spanish Empire around between 16th and 18th centuries in areas in condition of their control or influence. The presidios of Spanish Philippines in particular, were cent ...
, founded in 1760 just southwest of present-day
Presidio
New Mexico
*The
Presidio Santa Cruz de la Cañada, in
Santa Cruz
Arizona
![Presidio](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Presidio.jpg)
* The
Presidio San Ignacio de Tubac
The Presidio of San Ignacio de Túbac or Fort Tubac was a Spanish built fortress. The fortification was established by the Spanish Army in 1752 at the site of present-day Tubac, Arizona. Its ruins are preserved in the Tubac Presidio ...
, founded in 1752 in
Tubac
Tubac is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Cruz County, Arizona, United States. The population was 1,191 at the 2010 census. The place name "Tubac" is an English borrowing from a Hispanicized form of the O'odham name ''Cuwak'', which tr ...
* The
Presidio San Augustin del Tucson
A presidio ( en, jail, fortification) was a fortified base established by the Spanish Empire around between 16th century, 16th and 18th century, 18th centuries in areas in condition of their control or influence. The presidios of Captaincy Genera ...
, founded in 1775 in
Tucson
* The
Presidio Santa Cruz de Terrenate
The Presidio Santa Cruz de Terrenate is a former Spanish military presidio, or fortress, located roughly west of the town of Tombstone, Arizona, in the United States of America.
History
The Presidio Santa Cruz de Terrenate was established on ...
, founded in 1775 near the present-day
Tombstone
* The
Presidio de Calabasas
The Presidio de Calabasas, also known as Fort Calabasas or Camp Calabasas, was a stone fortress built by Mexico in 1837 south of Tumacacori, Arizona. It was built on the land of the Grant of Manuel María Gándara, by Gándara to protect his land ...
, founded in 1837 near the present-day
Tumacacori
* The
Presidio de San Bernardino, founded in 1776 near the present-day
Douglas
Douglas may refer to:
People
* Douglas (given name)
* Douglas (surname)
Animals
*Douglas (parrot), macaw that starred as the parrot ''Rosalinda'' in Pippi Longstocking
*Douglas the camel, a camel in the Confederate Army in the American Civil W ...
(Gerald 1968)
California
![Presidio of San Diego 1820 map](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Presidio_of_San_Diego_1820_map.jpg)
* The
Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, founded in 1770. Its rancho del rey was what became
Rancho Nacional Rancho Nacional was a Mexican land grant in the Salinas Valley, in present day Monterey County, California given in 1839 by Governor Juan B. Alvarado to Vicente Cantua. The grant was between the Salinas River and present day Salinas.
History
V ...
. It is currently housing the
Defense Language Institute
The Defense Language Institute (DLI) is a United States Department of Defense (DoD) educational and research institution consisting of two separate entities which provide linguistic and cultural instruction to the Department of Defense, other f ...
, in
Monterey
* The
Presidio Real de San Diego, founded in 1769 in
San Diego
San Diego ( , ; ) is a city on the Pacific Ocean coast of Southern California located immediately adjacent to the Mexico–United States border. With a 2020 population of 1,386,932, it is the List of United States cities by population, eigh ...
, its rancho del rey was what became
Rancho de la Nación Rancho de la Nación was a Ranchos of California, Mexican land grant in present-day southern San Diego County, California given in 1845 by Governor Pío Pico to John (Don Juan) Forster. The grant encompassed present-day National City, California, ...
.
* The
Presidio Real de San Francisco, founded in 1776 and now part of the
Golden Gate National Recreation Area in
San Francisco
San Francisco (; Spanish language, Spanish for "Francis of Assisi, Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the List of Ca ...
. Its rancho del rey was what became
Rancho Buri Buri Rancho Buri Buri (also called Sánchez Rancho) was a Mexican land grant in present-day San Mateo County, California, given in 1835 by Governor José Castro to José Antonio Sánchez. The name derives from the Urebure village of the Ramaytush spea ...
.
* The
Presidio Real de Santa Bárbara, founded in 1782 in
Santa Barbara. Its rancho del rey was what became
Rancho San Julian Rancho San Julian was a Mexican land grant and present-day ranch in present-day Santa Barbara County, California given in 1837 by Governor Juan B. Alvarado to José de la Guerra y Noriega. The grant name probably refers to José Antonio Julian de ...
.
* The
Presidio de Sonoma, founded by
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
in 1836 in
Sonoma. Its rancho nacional was what became
Rancho Suscol.
Canada
*
Fort San Miguel
Chile
Notes
References and further reading
*Gerald, Rex E. (1968). ''Spanish Presidios of the Late Eighteenth Century in Northern New Spain''. Museum of New Mexico Press, Santa Fe.
*Moorhead, Max L. ''The Presidio: Bastion of the Spanish Borderlands''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1975.
*Rene Javellana, S. J. ''Fortress of Empire''. Ateneo de Manila University Press 1997.
{{Fortifications
Architecture in Spain
Spanish forts in the United States