Pre-locus coeruleus is a small nucleus in the
brainstem
The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior stalk-like part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. In the human brain the brainstem is composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The midbrain is cont ...
. This small cluster of neurons also is referred to by the abbreviation "pre-LC". It was named "pre-LC" because it lies just
rostral
Rostral may refer to:
Anatomy
* Rostral (anatomical term), situated toward the oral or nasal region
* Rostral bone, in ceratopsian dinosaurs
* Rostral organ, of certain fish
* Rostral scale, in snakes and scaled reptiles
Other uses
* Rostral colu ...
to (in front of) the
locus coeruleus
The locus coeruleus () (LC), also spelled locus caeruleus or locus ceruleus, is a nucleus in the pons of the brainstem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic. It is a part of the reticular activating system.
The locus coerule ...
, which is commonly abbreviated "LC".
Definition
The pre-locus coeruleus was first formally defined during the course of
neuroanatomical tract-tracing and
c-Fos
Protein c-Fos is a proto-oncogene that is the human homolog of the retroviral oncogene v-fos. It is encoded in humans by the ''FOS'' gene. It was first discovered in rat fibroblasts as the transforming gene of the FBJ MSV (Finkel–Biskis–Jinkin ...
experiments aimed at uncovering the connections and functions of
aldosterone
Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid steroid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland. It is essential for sodium conservation in the kidney, salivary glands, sweat glands, and colon. It plays a c ...
-sensitive
HSD2 neurons in the
nucleus of the solitary tract. First, HSD2 neurons were found to innervate the pre-LC, as evidenced by (1) dense labeling with an anterograde axonal tracer in pre-LC after that tracer had been injected into the nucleus of the solitary tract and (2) the complementary finding of retrograde labeling of HSD2 neurons after injection of a retrograde tracer into the pre-LC.
Further, experimental conditions which activate the HSD2 neurons simultaneously activate a cluster of neurons in pre-LC, in the same location as axon terminals labeled with an anterograde tracer from the NTS.
Based on these observations, the pre-locus coeruleus ("pre-LC") was defined as the cluster of neurons which:
#are found in a specific location rostral to the LC (see "Location," below),
#receive axonal input from HSD2 neurons in the NTS, and
#become c-Fos positive during dietary sodium deprivation.
These features consistently and reliably identify a very specific subset of neurons in the dorsolateral pons, named the pre-locus coeruleus, or "pre-LC." Some investigators have used other terms including "precoeruleus," "peri5Me," and "pericoeruleus" to refer less specifically to regions of the brainstem anterior to the LC, but the term pre-LC very specifically refers to the group of neurons as defined above. Subsequently, it was discovered that every c-Fos-positive neuron in the pre-LC (after sodium deprivation) also expresses the
transcription factor FOXP2.
Given that sodium deprivation is a time-consuming experimental manipulation, and that FoxP2 is stably expressed without any experimental manipulation, this transcription factor can serve as a useful surrogate
marker
The term Marker may refer to:
Common uses
* Marker (linguistics), a morpheme that indicates some grammatical function
* Marker (telecommunications), a special-purpose computer
* Boundary marker, an object that identifies a land boundary
* Marke ...
for labeling pre-LC neurons. However, FoxP2 expression is found in several nearby brain regions (not including the locus coeruleus, mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal, or laterodorsal tegmental nucleus), so it is not unique to the pre-LC. That is, every pre-LC neuron expresses FoxP2, but not every neuron that expresses FoxP2 is part of the pre-LC.
Location
The name "pre-LC," as coined by Geerling and colleagues to refer to a very specific and molecularly defined cluster of neurons, refers specifically to neurons that lie medial to and intermingled with the
mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and its tract at levels of the rostral pons that also contain the
superior cerebellar peduncle
In the human brain, the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum) is a paired structure of white matter that connects the cerebellum to the midbrain. It consists mainly of efferent fibers, the cerebellothalamic tract that runs from a cer ...
. Pre-LC neurons in rats are found just rostral to one of the best-known nuclei in the brainstem, the LC, hence the name "pre-LC." The picture above shows the anatomic relationship between the pre-LC and LC. In this image, in the
sagittal plane, the
noradrenergic LC neurons are labeled in red, for TH (tyrosine hydroxylase, a catecholamine-synthetic enzyme found in all LC neurons). These red LC neurons and their rostral dendritic
arborization are located
caudal
Caudal may refer to:
Anatomy
* Caudal (anatomical term) (from Latin ''cauda''; tail), used to describe how close something is to the trailing end of an organism
* Caudal artery, the portion of the dorsal aorta of a vertebrate that passes into the ...
to (behind) all neurons in the pre-LC. The nuclei of pre-LC neurons are labeled in green, for FoxP2 (see above regarding FoxP2 as a marker for pre-LC neurons). Based on their shared connections, gene-expression, and c-Fos activity patterns, the pre-LC is probably related functionally to neurons in the
parabrachial nucleus
The parabrachial nuclei, also known as the parabrachial complex, are a group of nuclei in the dorsolateral pons that surrounds the superior cerebellar peduncle as it enters the brainstem from the cerebellum. They are named from the Latin term for ...
, which is located lateral to the pre-LC (out of the plane of section in this figure).
Connections
The input connections of the pre-LC have not been studied comprehensively. As described above, the pre-LC receives heavy input from the HSD2 neuron subregion of the nucleus of the solitary tract;
and this input appears to be functionally active based on c-Fos analysis . It also receives descending input from the
paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), as shown in the
sagittal plane in the figure at right (red axon terminal labeling after injection into the PVH; LC neurons are labeled in blue, and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus or LDT neurons is labeled in green).
The output connections of the pre-LC have been studied extensively, using
anterograde axonal tracing experiments followed by
retrograde axonal tracing experiments that utilized FoxP2 as a marker for the neurons in pre-LC.
Pre-LC neurons project heavily to the diencephalon, particularly to subregions of the midline
thalamus and the posterior and lateral
hypothalamus.
Function
To date, the function of pre-LC neurons remains unclear. Possibilities include inhibiting hunger and promoting sodium appetite,
as discussed in references listed below.
References
{{reflist
Brainstem nuclei