Potamotrygon Signata
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''Potamotrygon'' is a genus of
freshwater Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include ...
stingray Stingrays are a group of sea rays, which are cartilaginous fish related to sharks. They are classified in the suborder Myliobatoidei of the order Myliobatiformes and consist of eight families: Hexatrygonidae (sixgill stingray), Plesiobatidae ( ...
s in the family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America, and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade. Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus have venomous barbs at the base of their tails, and their stings are dangerous to humans. It is said that the natives of South America fear the stingray more than they do fear the
piranha A piranha or piraña (, , or ; or , ) is one of a number of freshwater fish in the family Serrasalmidae, or the subfamily Serrasalminae within the tetra family, Characidae in order Characiformes. These fish inhabit South American rivers, ...
. ''Potamotrygon'' vary considerably in color, pattern and size, with the maximum disc width ranging from in ''P. wallacei'' to in ''P. brachyura''.


In the aquarium

Though freshwater stingray of other genera do appear in the trade, most are from ''Potamotrygon''. They are best kept with a deep, sandy
substrate Substrate may refer to: Physical layers *Substrate (biology), the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the surface or medium on which an organism grows or is attached ** Substrate (locomotion), the surface over which an organism lo ...
, in which they bury themselves, often with only the eyes visible. They are not
territorial A territory is an area of land, sea, or space, particularly belonging or connected to a country, person, or animal. In international politics, a territory is usually either the total area from which a state may extract power resources or a ...
with other animals and can be kept in groups, provided a large enough aquarium is provided. They are
carnivorous A carnivore , or meat-eater (Latin, ''caro'', genitive ''carnis'', meaning meat or "flesh" and ''vorare'' meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose food and energy requirements derive from animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other sof ...
bottom feeders and require strong filtration as they are rather sensitive to water conditions. Many species of stingray have been bred in
captivity Captivity, or being held captive, is a state wherein humans or other animals are confined to a particular space and prevented from leaving or moving freely. An example in humans is imprisonment. Prisoners of war are usually held in captivity by a ...
and males can be determined by the presence of claspers as in other Chondrichthyans.


Species

There are currently more than 30 recognized extant (living) species in this genus: * ''
Potamotrygon adamastor ''Potamotrygon'' is a genus of freshwater stingrays in the family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America, and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade. Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus have venomous barbs at the base ...
'' Fontenelle, J. P. & de Carvalho, M. R., 2017 (Branco river stingray)Fontenelle, J. P. & de Carvalho, M. R. (2017)
Systematic revision of the "Potamotrygon scobina" Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography.
''Zootaxa, 4310 (1): 1–63.''
* '' Potamotrygon albimaculata'' M. R. de Carvalho, 2016 (Itaituba river stingray or Tapajós river stingray)Carvalho, M.R.d. (2016)
Description of two extraordinary new species of freshwater stingrays of the genus ''Potamotrygon'' endemic to the rio Tapajós basin, Brazil (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae), with notes on other Tapajós stingrays.
''Zootaxa, 4167 (1): 1–63.''
* '' Potamotrygon amandae''
Loboda Loboda ( uk, Лобода, russian: Лобода, pl, Łoboda, ro, Loboda) is a surname derived from the Slavic word for plants of the genus Atriplex. It may refer to: * Alla Loboda (born 1998), Russian ice dancer * Dorota Łoboda (born 1975), ...
& M. R. de Carvalho, 2013
(Amanda's river stingray)Loboda, T.S. & Carvalho, M.R.d. (2013)
Systematic revision of the ''Potamotrygon motoro'' (Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae).
''Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (4): 693–737.''
* '' Potamotrygon amazona'' Fontenelle, J. P. & de Carvalho, M. R., 2017 (Upper Amazon raspy river stingray) * '' Potamotrygon boesemani'' R. S. Rosa, M. R. de Carvalho & Wanderley, 2008 (Boeseman's river stingray)Rosa, R.S., Carvalho, M.R.d. & Wanderley, C.d.A. (2008): ''Potamotrygon boesemani'' (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), a new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray from Surinam. ''Neotropical Ichthyology, 6 (1): 1–8.'' * '' Potamotrygon brachyura'' ( Günther, 1880) (Short-tailed river stingray) * '' Potamotrygon constellata'' ( Vaillant, 1880) (Thorny river stingray) * ''
Potamotrygon falkneri ''Potamotrygon falkneri'', the largespot river stingray or reticulated freshwater stingray, is a species of freshwater stingray in the family Potamotrygonidae from tropical and subtropical South America. It is sometimes seen in the aquarium tr ...
'' Castex & Maciel, 1963 (Large-spot river stingray) * ''
Potamotrygon garmani ''Potamotrygon'' is a genus of freshwater stingrays in the family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America, and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade. Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus have venomous barbs at the base of ...
'' Fontenelle, J. P. & de Carvalho, M. R., 2017 (Garman's river stingray) * ''
Potamotrygon henlei The bigtooth river stingray or Tocantins River ray (''Potamotrygon henlei'') is a species of freshwater fish in the family Potamotrygonidae. It is endemic to the lower Tocantins basin and Araguaia basin in Brazil,Carvalho, M.R.d. (2016): Potamot ...
'' ( Castelnau, 1855) (Big-tooth river stingray) * ''
Potamotrygon histrix The porcupine river stingray (''Potamotrygon histrix'', sometimes incorrectly modified to ''Potamotrygon hystrix'') is a species of river stingray in the family Potamotrygonidae, the type of the ''Potamotrygon'' genus. It is found in the basin ...
'' ( J. P. Müller &
Henle Henle can refer to: * Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, a German physician, pathologist and anatomist (1809–1885) ** Loop of Henle in the kidney, named after Henle *Fritz Henle, a photographer, known as "Mr. Rollei" for his use of the 2.25" square for ...
, 1834)
(Porcupine river stingray) * '' Potamotrygon humerosa'' Garman, 1913 (Rough-back river stingray) * ''
Potamotrygon jabuti ''Potamotrygon'' is a genus of fresh water, freshwater stingrays in the family (biology), family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America, and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade. Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus hav ...
'' M. R. de Carvalho, 2016 (Pearl river stingray) * ''
Potamotrygon leopoldi The Xingu River ray, white-blotched river stingray, or polka-dot stingray (''Potamotrygon leopoldi'') is a species of freshwater fish in the family Potamotrygonidae. It is endemic to the Xingu River basin in Brazil and as such prefers clear wat ...
'' Castex & Castello, 1970 (White-blotched river stingray) * ''
Potamotrygon limai ''Potamotrygon'' is a genus of freshwater stingrays in the family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America, and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade. Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus have venomous barbs at the base ...
'' Fontenelle, J. P. C. B. Silva & M. R. de Carvalho, 2014 (Zé Lima river stingray)Fontenelle, J.P., Silva, J.P.C.B.d. & Carvalho, M.R.d. (2014): ''Potamotrygon limai'', sp. nov., a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Madeira River system, Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). ''Zootaxa, 3765 (3): 249–268.'' * ''
Potamotrygon magdalenae ''Potamotrygon magdalenae'', the Magdalena River stingray, is a species of freshwater fish in the family Potamotrygonidae. It is found only in the Magdalena and Atrato basins in Colombia, but it is locally abundant and among the predominant fis ...
'' ( A. H. A. Duméril, 1865) (Magdalena river stingray) * ''
Potamotrygon marinae ''Potamotrygon'' is a genus of freshwater stingrays in the family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America, and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade. Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus have venomous barbs at the base of ...
'' Deynat, 2006 (Marina's river stingray) * ''
Potamotrygon marquesi ''Potamotrygon'' is a genus of fresh water, freshwater stingrays in the family (biology), family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America, and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade. Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus hav ...
'' Silva & Loboda, 2019 * '' Potamotrygon motoro'' ( J. P. Müller &
Henle Henle can refer to: * Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, a German physician, pathologist and anatomist (1809–1885) ** Loop of Henle in the kidney, named after Henle *Fritz Henle, a photographer, known as "Mr. Rollei" for his use of the 2.25" square for ...
, 1841)
(Ocellate river stingray) * ''
Potamotrygon ocellata ''Potamotrygon'' is a genus of freshwater stingrays in the family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America, and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade. Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus have venomous barbs at the base ...
'' (
Engelhardt Engelhardt may refer to: Places *4217 Engelhardt, asteroid, named after geologist Wolf von Engelhardt * Engel'gardt, moon crater, named after astronomer Vasily Engelhardt *Engelhardt Ice Ridge, Antarctic feature, named after geophysicist Hermann En ...
, 1912)
(Red-blotched river stingray) * ''
Potamotrygon orbignyi ''Potamotrygon orbignyi'', the smooth back river stingray, is a species of river stingray in the family Potamotrygonidae. It is found in the Amazon and Orinoco River basins in South America. Etymology The genus name ''Potamotrygon'' comes from ...
'' ( Castelnau, 1855) (Smooth-back river stingray) * '' Potamotrygon pantanensis''
Loboda Loboda ( uk, Лобода, russian: Лобода, pl, Łoboda, ro, Loboda) is a surname derived from the Slavic word for plants of the genus Atriplex. It may refer to: * Alla Loboda (born 1998), Russian ice dancer * Dorota Łoboda (born 1975), ...
& M. R. de Carvalho, 2013
(Pantanal river stingray) * ''
Potamotrygon rex ''Potamotrygon rex'', the great river stingray, is a species of freshwater stingray belonging to the family Potamotrygonidae, native to South America in the Neotropical region. ''P. rex'', along with some other ''Potamotrygon'' species form a ...
'' M. R. de Carvalho, 2016 (Great river stingray)Carvalho, M.R.d. (2016): ''Potamotrygon rex'', a new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the middle and upper rio Tocantins, Brazil, closely allied to ''Potamotrygon henlei'' (Castelnau, 1855). ''Zootaxa, 4150 (5): 537–565.'' * ''
Potamotrygon schroederi ''Potamotrygon'' is a genus of fresh water, freshwater stingrays in the family (biology), family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America, and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade. Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus hav ...
'' Fernández-Yépez, 1958 (Flower ray or rosette river stingray) * ''
Potamotrygon schuhmacheri ''Potamotrygon schuhmacheri'', the Parana river stingray, is a species of fish in the family Potamotrygonidae. It is found in the Paraná and Paraguay River basins in Argentina, Paraguay, and possibly Brazil. Its natural habitat is rivers. It is ...
'' Castex, 1964 (Parana river stingray) * ''
Potamotrygon scobina The raspy river stingray, mosaic stingray or ''arraia'' (''Potamotrygon scobina'') is a species of freshwater fish in the family Potamotrygonidae. This stingray is endemic to the Amazon basin in Brazil, where known from the Amazon–Pará River ...
'' Garman, 1913 (Raspy river stingray) * '' Potamotrygon signata'' Garman, 1913 (Parnaiba river stingray) * ''
Potamotrygon tatianae ''Potamotrygon tatianae'', the Tatiana's river stingray, is a species of river stingray (Potamotrygonidae) endemic to the Madre de Dios River and upper Madeira River basins in Peru. Description This river stingray's oval disc is longer than wide ...
'' J. P. C. B. Silva & M. R. de Carvalho, 2011 (Tatiana's river stingray) * ''
Potamotrygon tigrina ''Potamotrygon tigrina'', also known as the tiger river stingray, is a species of freshwater ray in the family Potamotrygonidae. This Endangered species, endangered species is Endemism, endemic to Blackwater river, black- and Whitewater river (ri ...
'' M. R. de Carvalho, Sabaj Pérez &
Lovejoy ''Lovejoy'' is a British television comedy-drama mystery series, based on the novels by John Grant under the pen name Jonathan Gash. The show, which ran to 71 episodes over six series, was originally broadcast on BBC1 between 10 January 19 ...
, 2011
(Tiger river stingray)Carvalho, M.R.d., Sabaj Pérez, M.H. & Lovejoy, N.R. (2011): ''Potamotrygon tigrina'', a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Amazon basin, closely related to ''Potamotrygon schroederi'' Fernandez-Yépez, 1958 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). ''Zootaxa, 2827: 1–30.'' * ''
Potamotrygon wallacei ''Potamotrygon'' is a genus of freshwater stingrays in the family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America, and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade. Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus have venomous barbs at the base o ...
'' M. R. de Carvalho, R. S. Rosa & M. L. G. Araújo, 2016 (Cururu ray)Carvalho, M.R.d., Rosa, R.S. & Araújo, M.L.G. (2016): A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil: the smallest species of ''Potamotrygon''. ''Zootaxa, 4107 (4): 566-586.'' * ''
Potamotrygon yepezi ''Potamotrygon'' is a genus of freshwater stingrays in the family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America, and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade. Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus have venomous barbs at the base ...
'' Castex & Castello, 1970 (Maracaibo river stingray)


Extinct (fossil) species

Three species are extinct and only known from Tertiary fossil remains:Chabain, Jules; Pierre-Olivier Antoine; Ali J. Altamirano-Sierra; Laurent Marivaux; François Pujos; Rodolfo Salas Gismondi; Sylvain Adnet (2017). Cenozoic batoids from Contamana (Peruvian Amazonia) with focus on freshwater potamotrygonins and their paleoenvironmental significance. Geobios 50: 389–400. *†''
Potamotrygon canaanorum ''Potamotrygon'' is a genus of freshwater stingrays in the family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America, and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade. Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus have venomous barbs at the base ...
'' *†''
Potamotrygon contamanensis ''Potamotrygon'' is a genus of freshwater stingrays in the family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America, and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade. Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus have venomous barbs at the base o ...
'' *†''
Potamotrygon rajachloeae ''Potamotrygon'' is a genus of fresh water, freshwater stingrays in the family (biology), family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America, and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade. Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus hav ...
''


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q139492 Freshwater fish genera Ray genera Taxa named by Samuel Garman