Poplar Admiral

The poplar admiral (''Limenitis populi'') is a butterfly in the subfamily Limenitinae of the family Nymphalidae.

Habitat

Poplar admiral is widespread in continental Europe and across the Palearctic to Japan. The large, seldom-seen poplar admiral is one of the biggest butterflies in Europe. It is found in deciduous forests, where aspen (''Populus tremula'') or black poplar (''Populus nigra'') trees grow. This is because the caterpillar only eats the leaves of these species. At altitude, for instance in the Alps, where there are not large ''Populus'' forests, they accommodate with a grove, in the southeast of France they can be seen flying in large open spaces, for instance in the department of Alpes-Maritimes, as noted by Jacques Rigout. The males are easier to find. The females are rarer, because they tend to stay in the tops of the trees and seldom venture to the ground.

Characteristics

The wingspan in spread specimens varies for the males from 72 to 80 mm, and for the females from 82 to 96 mm, all measures done on the larger private collection of ''Limenitis populi'', now in the hands of Jean-Claude Weiss, a specialist of ''Parnassius''. In fact, specimens in the field are relatively of the same size; the differences are mainly because of variations among subspecies, not variations at one location. There are some specimens that are very small, about half the usual size, but they have been specifically bred. There is a noticeable difference in size between sexes. The females have distinct broad white lines over their back wings. On the males the lines are narrower and fainter, and sometimes are not there at all. The upper surface is dark brown with white spots. The white stripe is surrounded by orange and blue borders. The underside is orange. Seitz - ''L. populi'' L. (56d). male. upperside black-brown, forewing with indistinct cell-spot, a curved row of discal spots and a straight row in the marginal area, all white or whitish: besides with a feeble brownish spot at the cellend and a double row of submarginal spots, of which the anterior ones are reddish, while the others are bluish or grey. Hindwing with a narrow whitish median band, a row of red-brown lunules in the marginal area and a double row of bluish spots at the margin. Underside for the most part light red-brown, with the markings of the upperside repeated in a grey-greenish tint, the margin of both wings greenish grey with a black undulate
line, and near it two rows of black spots, which are less developed on the forevsing; basal and abdominal areas of the hindwing more or less grey-green, there being some black transverse bars in the anterior half of the basal area. The female larger, the spots of the forewing considerably wider, purer white, the median band of the hindwing much broader, transected by the dark veins, the markings near the margin more prominent, glossy metallic green; the median band varies from greenish white to yellowish, being in some cases even deep yellow (Spuler).

Limenitis populi MHNT CUT 2013 316 Condat (Cantal) Dos.jpg, Dorsal side – MHNT
Limenitis populi MHNT CUT 2013 316 Condat (Cantal) Ventre.jpg, Ventral side – MHNT
Limenitis populi MHNT Cut 2013 3 16 foret de Compiegne.jpg, Side view – MHNT
Limenitis populi-02.jpg, With opened wings

Behavior

They are attracted to foul smells, such as those given off by carrion or dung. The butterflies use their proboscis to draw important minerals from the sap of trees, from the ground or from sweat. They do not visit flowers.

Metamorphosis

The butterflies feed on aspens, and occasionally also black poplars in warm, wind-free locations. It is there that they lay their green eggs on the top side of the leaves.

Egg

Many errors in the literature still persist, such as Eugen Niculescu who described the egg as having ribs. In fact, the egg is covered with hollow polygons. The duration of the egg stage is 7 days, not 14 as E. Niculescu writes (l.c.).

Caterpillar

Georg Dorfmeister was the first to describe and measure the caterpillar and chrysalid.

Ekkehard Friedrich clearly described the early stages of the young larva.

In Europe, the caterpillars feed on ''Populus tremula'' and ''P. nigra'' (not on ''P. alba''). In Japan, they eat ''Populus maximowiczii'' (Tabuchi), and the Japanese subspecies even accept many varieties of willow (''Salix'' sp.) in captivity. In August the caterpillars, which are still quite small, make a cocoon from a leaf that they cut out and roll up. They spend the winter in this cocoon and then emerge from it before the leaves come out in the spring.

The green caterpillar has black and brown shades. Its head is reddish brown, and its sides are black. First it eats the leaf buds, then the new leaves. Pupation takes place in June in a leaf that is lightly spun together.

Adult

As a general rule, hatching occurs from the third week of June to mid-July, although some have been known to leave as early as May (which is often the case in Japan). In France the record dates of the flight period is from 30 May (in 1971) to 16 August (in 1974).

Male are seen first; the females stay at the top of the trees and are sometimes found on the ground about two weeks later, only in the morning, often when the males are no longer seen. Male flight can be very fast, the female flight is quite slow, somewhat like a glider.

Distribution

The species is known to occur in western Europe from Denmark to northern Italy (the Spanish record noted by Miguel-Angel Gomez Bustillo is doubtful), then Germany to Greece, Russia to Japan including China. Jacques Rigout has published precise distribution maps in France of this butterfly. The study was done by listing the data from the specimens preserved in the Paris Museum and the British Museum and captures done by the French entomologists.

Conservation

The now rare poplar admiral is a protected species. The species is endangered primarily due to the clearing of forests containing the trees that they must feed on to survive, and replacement with more economically valuable conifer forests.

Subspecies

* ''Limenitis populi populi'' (Linnaeus), 1758 (Denmark, was described from Sweden but no longer exists there)
* ''Limenitis populi batangensis'' Huang, 2001 (Sichuan)
* ''Limenitis populi bucovinensis'' Hormuzaki, 1897 (Altai) (some authors say it is a good species: ''Limenitis bucovinensis'' Hormuzaki)
* ''Limenitis populi enapius'' Fruhstorfer, 1908 (= ''eunemius'' Fruhstorfer, 1908, l.c.) (Siberia, Mongolia)
* ''Limenitis populi fruhstorferi'' Krulikowsky, 1909 (Urals, West Siberia)
* ''Limenitis populi halasiensis'' Huang & Murayama, 1992 (Xinjiang)
* ''Limenitis populi jezoensis'' Matsumura, 1919 (Japan)
* ''Limenitis populi rilocola'' Stichel, 1908- not Mitis - (South Europe, Greece)
* ''Limenitis populi szechwanica'' Murayama, 1981 (China)
* ''Limenitis populi tremulae'' Esper, 1798 with the forms ''belgiensis'' Cabeau, 1914 or ''diluta'' Spuler (most of Europe)
* ''Limenitis populi ussuriensis'' Staudinger, 1887 (= ''liliputana'' Staudinger, 1887, l.c.) (Ussuri, Korea?)

Other names are for aberrations:
* ''defasciata'' Schutz, 1908 without the white bands at the hindwings.
* ''excelsior'' Reiss with the white bands very large.
* ''monochroma'' Mitis, 1891 with the upper face black with a shade of green.
* ''nigra'' Paux, 1901 (= ''monochroma'' Gilmer, 1909 (not Stichel) with the upper face entirely black.
* ''radiata'' Schutz, 1912 (not Fruhstofer, 1915) with the upper face black except two white spots.
* ''ruberrima'' Schutz, 1912Schutz O. (1912). ''Entomologische Zeitschrift Guben'' 17:62. much more tawny.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q531946

Limenitis
Butterflies of Europe
Butterflies described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus