Pope Calixtus I

Pope Callixtus I, also called Callistus I, was the bishop of Rome (according to Sextus Julius Africanus) from c. 218 to his death c. 222 or 223.Chapman, John (1908). "Pope Callistus I" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. He lived during the reigns of the Roman emperors Elagabalus and Alexander Severus. Eusebius and the Liberian catalogue list his episcopate as having lasted five years (217–222). In 217, when Callixtus followed Zephyrinus as Bishop of Rome, he started to admit into the Church converts from sects or schisms. He was martyred for his Christian faith and is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church (the patron saint of cemetery workers).

Life

Callixtus I's contemporaries and enemies, Tertullian and Hippolytus of Rome, the author of ''Philosophumena'', relate that Callixtus, as a young slave from Rome, was put in charge of collected funds by his master Carpophorus, funds which were given as alms by other Christians for the care of widows and orphans; Callixtus lost the funds and fled from the city, but was caught near Portus. According to the tale, Callixtus jumped overboard to avoid capture but was rescued and taken back to his master. He was released at the request of the creditors, who hoped he might be able to recover some of the money, but was rearrested for fighting in a synagogue when he tried to borrow money or collect debts from some Jews.

''Philosophumena'' claims that, denounced as a Christian, Callixtus was sentenced to work in the mines of Sardinia. He was released with other Christians at the request of Hyacinthus, a eunuch presbyter, who represented Marcia, the favourite mistress of Emperor Commodus. At this time his health was so weakened that his fellow Christians sent him to Antium to recuperate and he was given a pension by Pope Victor I.

In 199, Callixtus was ordained a deacon by Pope Zephyrinus and appointed superintendent of the Christian cemetery on the Appian Way. That place, which is to this day called the '' Catacombs of St. Callixtus'', became the burial-ground of many popes and was the first land property owned by the Church. Emperor Julian the Apostate, writing to a pagan priest, said:

In the third century, nine bishops of Rome were interred in the Catacomb of Callixtus, in the part now called the ''Capella dei Papi''. These catacombs were rediscovered by the archaeologist Giovanni Battista de Rossi in 1849.

In 217, when Callixtus followed Zephyrinus as Bishop of Rome, he started to admit into the Church converts from sects or schisms who had not done penance. He fought with success the heretics, and established the practice of absolution of all sins, including adultery and murder. Hippolytus found Callixtus's policy of extending forgiveness of sins to cover sexual transgressions shockingly lax and denounced him for allowing believers to regularize liaisons with their own slaves by recognizing them as valid marriages. As a consequence also of doctrinal differences, Hippolytus was elected as a rival bishop of Rome, the first antipope.

The Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere was a '' titulus'' of which Callixtus was the patron. In an apocryphal anecdote in the collection of imperial biographies called the ''Augustan History'', the spot on which he had built an oratory was claimed by tavern keepers, but Alexander Severus decided that the worship of any god was better than a tavern, hence the structure's name. The 4th-century basilica of ''Ss Callixti et Iuliani'' was rebuilt in the 12th century by Pope Innocent II and rededicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The 8th-century ''Chiesa di San Callisto'' is close by, with its beginnings apparently as a shrine on the site of his martyrdom, which is attested in the 4th-century ''Depositio martyrum'' and so is likely to be historical.

Death

It is possible that Callixtus was martyred around 222 or 223, perhaps during a popular uprising, but the legend that he was thrown down a well has no historical foundation, though the church does contain an ancient well. According to the apocryphal ''Acts of Saint Callixtus'', Asterius, a priest of Rome, recovered the body of Callixtus after it had been tossed into a well and buried Callixtus' body at night.Sabine Baring-Gould, ''The Lives of the Saints''. Vol. 2. (J. Hodges, 1877). Digitized 6 June 2007. Page 506. Asterius was arrested for this action by the prefect Alexander and then killed by being thrown off a bridge into the Tiber River.

Callixtus was buried in the cemetery of Calepodius on the Aurelian Way and his anniversary is given by the 4th-century ''Depositio Martirum'' and by subsequent martyrologies on 14 October. The Catholic Church celebrates his optional memorial on 14 October. His relics were transferred in the 9th century to Santa Maria in Trastevere.

See also

*List of Catholic saints
*List of popes
* Pope Saint Callixtus I, patron saint archive

Citations

References

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Further reading

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* András Handl (2014). ''Bishop Callistus I. of Rome (217?−222?): A Martyr or a Confessor?'' In Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum/Journal of Ancient Christianity 18, p. 390-419.
* András Handl (2021).
From Slave to Bishop. Callixtus’ Early Ecclesial Career and Mechanisms of Clerical Promotion.
' In Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum/Journal of Ancient Christianity 21, p. 53-73. (Open access).

External links

St. Callistus I
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Callixtus 01, Pope
223 deaths
3rd-century archbishops
3rd-century Christian martyrs
3rd-century Romans
Ancient Christians involved in controversies
Burials at Santa Maria in Trastevere
Christian slaves and freedmen
Papal saints
Popes
Year of birth unknown
3rd-century popes