''Polyipnus'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

ocean The ocean (also the sea or the world ocean) is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of the surface of Earth and contains 97% of Earth's water. An ocean can also refer to any of the large bodies of water into which the wo ...

ray-finned fish Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class of bony fish. They comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or hor ...

in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Sternoptychidae. This is the largest genus of the

marine hatchetfish Marine hatchetfishes or deep-sea hatchetfishes are small deep-sea mesopelagic ray-finned fish of the stomiiform subfamily Sternoptychinae. They should not be confused with the freshwater hatchetfishes, which are not particularly closely relate ...

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

Sternoptychinae Marine hatchetfishes or deep-sea hatchetfishes are small deep-sea mesopelagic ray-finned fish of the stomiiform subfamily Sternoptychinae. They should not be confused with the freshwater hatchetfishes, which are not particularly closely relate ...

and indeed of the entire

Sternoptychidae The marine hatchetfishes or deep-sea hatchetfishes as well as the related bottlelights, pearlsides and constellationfishes are small deep-sea ray-finned fish of the stomiiform family Sternoptychidae. They are not closely related to and should not ...

. It is not quite as

apomorph In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have ...

ic as their relatives; it may be that the genus is actually a

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

assemblage of less advanced Sternoptychinae and would need to be split.

Fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

s of this genus show that they have existed at least since the

Early Oligocene The Rupelian is, in the geologic timescale, the older of two ages or the lower of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/Series. It spans the time between . It is preceded by the Priabonian Stage (part of the Eocene) and is followed by the Chatti ...

, about 30

million years ago The abbreviation Myr, "million years", is a unit of a quantity of (i.e. ) years, or 31.556926 teraseconds. Usage Myr (million years) is in common use in fields such as Earth science and cosmology. Myr is also used with Mya (million years ago). ...

Species

There are currently 33 recognized species in this genus: * '' Polyipnus aquavitus'' R. C. Baird, 1971 (aquavit hatchetfish) * '' Polyipnus asper''

Harold Harold may refer to: People * Harold (given name), including a list of persons and fictional characters with the name * Harold (surname), surname in the English language * András Arató, known in meme culture as "Hide the Pain Harold" Arts a ...

, 1994 * '' Polyipnus asteroides'' L. P. Schultz, 1938 * '' Polyipnus bruuni''

, 1994 * '' Polyipnus clarus''

, 1994 (slope hatchetfish) * ''

Polyipnus danae ''Polyipnus danae'' is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus '' Polyipnus''. It is found in the South China Sea The South China Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean. It is bounded in the north by the shores of South China ...

, 1990 * '' Polyipnus elongatus'' Borodulina, 1979 * '' Polyipnus fraseri'' Fowler, 1934 * '' Polyipnus indicus'' L. P. Schultz, 1961 * '' Polyipnus inermis'' Borodulina, 1981 * '' Polyipnus kiwiensis'' R. C. Baird, 1971 (kiwi hatchetfish) * '' Polyipnus laternatus''

Garman Garman is a surname or first name. Notable people with the name include: Sports * Ann Garman, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player * Judi Garman (born 1954), American softball coach * Mike Garman (born 1949), American baseball pla ...

, 1899 * '' Polyipnus latirastrus''

Last A last is a mechanical form shaped like a human foot. It is used by shoemakers and cordwainers in the manufacture and repair of shoes. Lasts typically come in pairs and have been made from various materials, including hardwoods, cast iron, and ...

, 1994 (comb-side hatchetfish) * '' Polyipnus limatulus''

& Wessel, 1998 * '' Polyipnus matsubarai'' L. P. Schultz, 1961 * '' Polyipnus meteori'' Kotthaus, 1967 * '' Polyipnus notatus''

, I. M. Kemp &

Shore A shore or a shoreline is the fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. In physical oceanography, a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past a ...

, 2016 Harold, A.S., Kemp, I.M. & Shore, S.K. (2016): A new species of ''Polyipnus'' (Teleostei: Stomiiformes) from the western Pacific, with comments on the ''P. triphanos'' species complex. ''Zootaxa, 4111 (5): 555–564.'' * '' Polyipnus nuttingi'' C. H. Gilbert, 1905 (Nutting's hatchetfish) * '' Polyipnus oluolus'' R. C. Baird, 1971 * '' Polyipnus omphus'' R. C. Baird, 1971 * '' Polyipnus ovatus''

, 1994 * '' Polyipnus parini'' Borodulina, 1979 * '' Polyipnus paxtoni''

, 1989 (Paxton's hatchetfish) * ''

Polyipnus polli ''Polyipnus polli'', commonly known as the round hatchetfish, is a species of Neopterygii, ray-finned fish in the family (biology), family Sternoptychidae. It occurs in deep water in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, at depths between about . Etymolog ...

'' L. P. Schultz, 1961 (round hatchetfish) * '' Polyipnus ruggeri'' R. C. Baird, 1971 (rugby hatchetfish) * '' Polyipnus soelae''

, 1994 (Soela hatchetfish) * '' Polyipnus spinifer'' Borodulina, 1979 * '' Polyipnus spinosus'' Günther, 1887 (spiny hatchetfish) * '' Polyipnus stereope'' D. S. Jordan & Starks, 1904 * '' Polyipnus surugaensis'' Aizawa, 1990 * '' Polyipnus tridentifer''

McCulloch McCulloch is a Scottish surname. It's a variation of the Northern Irish surname McCullough. It's commonly found in Galloway. Notable people with the surname include: *Alan McCulloch (politician), New Zealand politician *Alan McLeod McCulloch ( ...

, 1914 (three-spined hatchetfish) * '' Polyipnus triphanos'' L. P. Schultz, 1938 (three-light hatchetfish) * '' Polyipnus unispinus'' L. P. Schultz, 1938

References

* Sternoptychidae Extant Rupelian first appearances Taxa named by Albert Günther Ray-finned fish genera Rupelian genus first appearances {{Stomiiformes-stub