Polygyridae is a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

of air-breathing

land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have shells (those without shells are known as ...

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...

pulmonate Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includ ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

s in the superfamily

Helicoidea Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to the ta ...

. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Polygyridae Pilsbry, 1895. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=993919 on 2021-02-11 The Polygyridae make up a significant proportion of the land snail fauna of eastern

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

, and are also found in western North America, northern

Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...

, and are present on some

Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Se ...

islands. The definitive reference to the group is Henry Pilsbry's 1940 monograph. Pilsbry, Henry A. 1940. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monograph 3, vol. 1(2): 575-994.

Anatomy

This snail family is distinguished from other gastropods on the basis of several anatomical features: They have no dart apparatus (see

love dart A love dart (also known as a gypsobelum, shooting darts, or just as darts) is a sharp, calcareous or chitinous dart which some hermaphroditic land snails and slugs create. Love darts are both formed and stored internally in a dart sac. These ...

), the muscles which allow the eyes and pharynx to be retracted are united into a single band, and the jaws are ribbed. In this family, the number of

haploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectively ...

chromosome A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are ...

s lies between 26 and 35 (according to the values in this table).Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: ''Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology''. in Barker G. M. (ed.):
The biology of terrestrial molluscs
'. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, . 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.

Taxonomy

According to the

Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised in 2005 by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is a system for the scientific classification of gastropod mollusks. (Gastropods are a taxonomic class of animals which consists of snails and ...

this family consists of the following subfamilies and tribes: *Subfamily Polygyrinae

Pilsbry Henry Augustus Pilsbry (7 December 1862 – 26 October 1957) was an American biologist, malacologist and carcinologist, among other areas of study. He was a dominant presence in many fields of invertebrate taxonomy for the better part of a centu ...

, 1895 ** tribe Allogonini Emberton, 1995 ** tribe Ashmunellini Webb, 1954 ** tribe Polygyrini Pilsbry, 1895 ***subtribe Mesodontina Tryon, 1866 *** subtribe Polygyrina Pilsbry, 1895 *** subtribe Stenotrematina Emberton, 1995 *Subfamily Triodopsinae Pilsbry, 1940

Genera

This family is defined by an absent

diverticulum In medicine or biology, a diverticulum is an outpouching of a hollow (or a fluid-filled) structure in the body. Depending upon which layers of the structure are involved, diverticula are described as being either true or false. In medicine, t ...

and absent stimulatory organ. The two subfamilies, Polygyrinae and Triodopsinae, are distinguished on the basis of reproductive anatomy.
Polygyridae at ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System); accessed 18 Dec. 2007. As some species in the subfamily Polygirinae show a penial appendage. This family is monophyly, monophyletic. Pilsbry uses the generic names '' Allogona'', '' Ashmunella'', ''

Giffordius ''Giffordius'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Polygyridae. The two known species, found on Isla de Providencia (or Old Providence), were named after the early conservationist a ...

'', ''

Mesodon ''Mesodon'' is a genus of land snails in the family Polygyridae. Species Species within the genus ''Mesodon'' include:ITIS''Mesodon'' accessed 1 November 2008. * '' Mesodon altivagus'' (Pilsbry, 1900) – wandering globe * '' Mesodon andre ...

'', '' Polygyra'', '' Praticolella'', '' Stenotrema'', '' Trilobopsis'', '' Triodopsis'', and '' Vespericola''. The remaining names listed here have either been elevated from Pilsbry's subgenera since 1940, or newly created. Subfamily Polygyrinae: * '' Appalachina'' * '' Daedalochila'' * '' Euchemotrema'' * '' Fumonelix'' * ''

'' * '' Hochbergellus'' * '' Inflectarius'' * '' Linisa'' * '' Lobosculum'' * ''

'' * '' Millerelix'' * ''

Patera In the material culture of classical antiquity, a ''phiale'' ( ) or ''patera'' () is a shallow ceramic or metal libation bowl. It often has a bulbous indentation ('' omphalos'', "bellybutton") in the center underside to facilitate holding it, ...

'' * '' Polygyra'' * '' Praticolella'' * '' Stenotrema'' * '' Trilobopsis'' Shells of species within the Polygyrinae Image:PHiptAll2.jpg, '' Daedalochila hippocrepis'' Image:EuchemotremaFraternum1.jpg, '' Euchemotrema fraternum'' Image:LinisaTamaulipasensis.jpg, '' Linisa tamaulipasensis'' Image:LobosculumPustula1.jpg, '' Lobosculum pustula'' Image:MesodonClenchi1.jpg, '' Patera clenchi'' Image:PateraPerigraptus1.jpg, '' Patera perigraptus'' Image:PolygyraSeptemvolvaVolvoxis.jpg, '' Polygyra septemvolva volvoxis'' Image:PraticolellaBerlandieriana.jpg, '' Praticolella berlandieriana'' Image:StenotremaFlorida1.jpg, '' Stenotrema florida'' Image:TrilobopsisLoricata.jpg, '' Trilobopsis loricata'' Subfamily Triodopsinae: * '' Allogona'' * '' Ashmunella'' * '' Cryptomastix'' * '' Neohelix'' * '' Triodopsis'' * '' Vespericola'' * '' Webbhelix'' * '' Xolotrema'' Shells of species within the Triodopsinae Image:AllogonaPtychophora1.jpg, '' Allogona ptychophora'' Image:AshLevAngAll.jpg, '' Ashmunella levettei angigyra'' Image:CryptomastixMullaniClappi.jpg, '' Cryptomastix mullani clappi'' Image:TriodopsisHopetonensis.jpg, '' Triodopsis hopetonensis'' Image:VespericolaArmigera.jpg, '' Vespericola armigera'' Image:WebbxMultiAll.jpg, '' Webbhelix multilineata''

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q3073130 Taxa named by Henry Augustus Pilsbry Gastropod families