In
vector calculus
Vector calculus, or vector analysis, is concerned with differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in 3-dimensional Euclidean space \mathbb^3. The term "vector calculus" is sometimes used as a synonym for the broader subjec ...
, a topic in pure and applied
mathematics, a poloidal–toroidal decomposition is a restricted form of the
Helmholtz decomposition
In physics and mathematics, in the area of vector calculus, Helmholtz's theorem, also known as the fundamental theorem of vector calculus, states that any sufficiently smooth, rapidly decaying vector field in three dimensions can be resolved into ...
. It is often used in the
spherical coordinates
In mathematics, a spherical coordinate system is a coordinate system for three-dimensional space where the position of a point is specified by three numbers: the ''radial distance'' of that point from a fixed origin, its ''polar angle'' meas ...
analysis of
solenoidal vector field
In vector calculus a solenoidal vector field (also known as an incompressible vector field, a divergence-free vector field, or a transverse vector field) is a vector field v with divergence zero at all points in the field:
\nabla \cdot \mathbf ...
s, for example,
magnetic fields
A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity and to ...
and
incompressible fluids.
Definition
For a three-dimensional
vector field F with zero
divergence
In vector calculus, divergence is a vector operator that operates on a vector field, producing a scalar field giving the quantity of the vector field's source at each point. More technically, the divergence represents the volume density of t ...
:
this F can be expressed as the sum of a toroidal field T and poloidal vector field P
:
where r is a radial vector in
spherical coordinates
In mathematics, a spherical coordinate system is a coordinate system for three-dimensional space where the position of a point is specified by three numbers: the ''radial distance'' of that point from a fixed origin, its ''polar angle'' meas ...
(''r'', ''θ'', ''φ''). The toroidal field is obtained from a
scalar field, ''Ψ''(''r'', ''θ'', ''φ''), as the following
curl,
:
and the poloidal field is derived from another scalar field Φ(''r'', ''θ'', ''φ''), as a twice-iterated curl,
:
This
decomposition
Decomposition or rot is the process by which dead organic substances are broken down into simpler organic or inorganic matter such as carbon dioxide, water, simple sugars and mineral salts. The process is a part of the nutrient cycle and is e ...
is symmetric in that the curl of a toroidal field is poloidal, and the curl of a poloidal field is toroidal, known as
Chandrasekhar–Kendall function Chandrasekhar–Kendall functions are the axisymmetric eigenfunctions of the curl operator derived by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and P. C. Kendall in 1957 while attempting to solve the force-free magnetic fields. The functions were independently d ...
.
Geometry
A toroidal vector field is tangential to spheres around the origin,
:
while the curl of a poloidal field is tangential to those spheres
:
The poloidal–toroidal decomposition is unique if it is required that the average of the scalar fields Ψ and Φ vanishes on every sphere of radius ''r''.
Cartesian decomposition
A poloidal–toroidal decomposition also exists in
Cartesian coordinates, but a mean-field flow has to be included in this case. For example, every solenoidal vector field can be written as
:
where
denote the unit vectors in the coordinate directions.
See also
*
Toroidal and poloidal
Toroidal describes something which resembles or relates to a torus or toroid:
Mathematics
*Torus
*Toroid, a surface of revolution which resembles a torus
*Toroidal polyhedron
*Toroidal coordinates, a three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system ...
*
Chandrasekhar–Kendall function Chandrasekhar–Kendall functions are the axisymmetric eigenfunctions of the curl operator derived by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and P. C. Kendall in 1957 while attempting to solve the force-free magnetic fields. The functions were independently d ...
Notes
References
''Hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability'' Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan; International Series of Monographs on Physics, Oxford: Clarendon, 1961, p. 622.
Decomposition of solenoidal fields into poloidal fields, toroidal fields and the mean flow. Applications to the boussinesq-equations Schmitt, B. J. and von Wahl, W; in ''The Navier–Stokes Equations II — Theory and Numerical Methods'', pp. 291–305; Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Springer Berlin/ Heidelberg, Vol. 1530/ 1992.
Anelastic Magnetohydrodynamic Equations for Modeling Solar and Stellar Convection Zones Lantz, S. R. and Fan, Y.; The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Volume 121, Issue 1, Mar. 1999, pp. 247–264.
* Plane poloidal-toroidal decomposition of doubly periodic vector fields
an
G. D. McBain
ANZIAM J.
* .
* .
* .
{{DEFAULTSORT:Poloidal-toroidal decomposition
Vector calculus