A polling place
is where
vote
Voting is a method by which a group, such as a meeting or an Constituency, electorate, can engage for the purpose of making a collective decision making, decision or expressing an opinion usually following discussions, debates or election camp ...
rs cast their
ballot
A ballot is a device used to cast votes in an election and may be found as a piece of paper or a small ball used in secret voting. It was originally a small ball (see blackballing) used to record decisions made by voters in Italy around the 16 ...
s in
election
An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office.
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has opera ...
s. The phrase polling station is also used in
American English
American English, sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States. English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and in most circumstances i ...
and
British English
British English (BrE, en-GB, or BE) is, according to Lexico, Oxford Dictionaries, "English language, English as used in Great Britain, as distinct from that used elsewhere". More narrowly, it can refer specifically to the English language in ...
,
although polling place is the building
[Handbook for polling station staff](_blank)
Accessed 14 September 2014 and polling station is the specific room
(or part of a room) where voters cast their votes. A polling place can contain one or more polling stations.
Since elections generally take place over a one- or two-day span on a periodic basis, often annual or longer, polling places are usually located in facilities used for other purposes, such as
school
A school is an educational institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is sometimes comp ...
s,
churches,
sports halls, local government
office
An office is a space where an organization's employees perform administrative work in order to support and realize objects and goals of the organization. The word "office" may also denote a position within an organization with specific du ...
s, or even private homes, and may each serve a similar number of people. The area may be known as a
ward
Ward may refer to:
Division or unit
* Hospital ward, a hospital division, floor, or room set aside for a particular class or group of patients, for example the psychiatric ward
* Prison ward, a division of a penal institution such as a pris ...
,
precinct, polling district, or
constituency. The polling place is staffed by officials (who may be called
election judge
An election official, election officer, election judge, election clerk, or poll worker is an official responsible for the proper and orderly voting at polling stations. Depending on the country or jurisdiction, election officials may be identified ...
s,
returning officer
In various parliamentary systems, a returning officer is responsible for overseeing elections in one or more constituencies.
Australia
In Australia a returning officer is an employee of the Australian Electoral Commission or a state electoral ...
s, or other titles) who monitor the voting procedures and assist voters with the election process.
Scrutineer
A scrutineer (also called a poll-watcher or a challenger in the United States) is a person who observes any process which requires rigorous oversight. Scrutineers have the tasks of preventing the occurrence of corruption and of detecting genuine ...
s (or poll-watchers) are independent or partisan observers who attend the poll to ensure the impartiality of the process.
The facility will be open between specified hours depending on the type of election, and political activity by or on behalf of those standing in the ballot is usually prohibited within the venue and immediately surrounding area.
Inside the polling place will be an area (usually a
voting booth
A voting booth or polling booth (in British English) is a room or cabin in a polling station where voters are able to cast their vote in private to protect the secrecy of the ballot. Commonly the entrance to the voting booth is a retractable ...
) where the voter may select the candidate or party of their choice in secret. If a ballot paper is used, this will be placed into a
ballot box in front of witnesses who cannot see for whom the vote has been cast.
Voting machine
A voting machine is a machine used to record votes in an election without paper. The first voting machines were mechanical but it is increasingly more common to use '' electronic voting machines''. Traditionally, a voting machine has been defi ...
s may be employed instead.
Some polling places are temporary structures. A portable cabin may be specially sited for an election and removed afterwards.
There are five types of voting technologies that are currently being used in the United States polling locations. These comprise hand-counted paper ballots, mechanical lever machines, punch cards,
optically readable paper ballots, and electronic voting machines.
One of the reasons for a tendency toward witnessed final posting or transacting physical systems yet retaining the secret ballot is to reduce
electoral fraud.
History
The word "poll" means "scalp" or "head". When votes were taken by gathering people together and counting heads, the place where this was done (sometimes an open field) was called the "polls".
Polling places used to gather and count ballots in elections have changed significantly over the past 250 years.
Advances in technology have played a major role in changing the polling places because as the type of ballot changed, the venue in which the ballots are counted also changed.
One of the main reasons for advancement was to be able to access the results quicker. First was the word ballot, then came the different types of paper ballots, and today we have the electronic balloting systems.
Before there were paper ballots, people would simply call out their selection at the polling place. This polling place was typically the county courthouse or town hall.
Sometimes these polls were taken outside of the venue in a more informal fashion. When the voters came to the town hall to announce their choice, they would get in line to see the judge and swear in.
Voters would swear an oath to the judge on a Bible and be allowed to cast one ballot per election.
The judge acted as the only form of voter identification and it was up to them to be able to identify individuals that had already voted and exclude them from voting again.
The use of paper and electronic ballots have been the most widely used form of capturing votes in recent history.
When paper or electronic ballots are used, the polling place must be professionally organized in order to ensure that the ballots are not tampered with and are accounted for accurately.
These polls are held inside a building that has been set up in stations to assist voters. When the voter arrives, they will be asked to show a form of voter identification (Photo ID is required in most European countries and in some US states).
Properly identified votes would go to a voting booth where the votes are captured. After all votes were captured, voters could examine the voting ticket before submitting the ballot to the poll worker, in a ballot box, or on the computerized ballot.
Polling location effects
The building where the polling location is sited can have a significant effect on the results of the poll.
Research shows that polling location may influence how a voter casts their ballot.
This subtle unknown factor can be significant and can sway a close election.
Individuals may be influenced to behave in a certain way based on environmental cues,
i.e., an object or place that can influence a voter's behavior;
for example, the condition of the building, the name of the building, the ordinary use of the building, or the building decor.
Researchers have spent much time considering what makes people vote the way they do; they have found that the smallest of changes can have large effects.
Waiting times at polling places have also been a problem in the US.
This has become such a controversial topic that even President
Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II ( ; born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, Obama was the first Af ...
in his
State of the Union Address
The State of the Union Address (sometimes abbreviated to SOTU) is an annual message delivered by the president of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress near the beginning of each calendar year on the current conditi ...
on 12 February 2013 mentioned the need to decrease waiting times.
He went on to say that it is the duty of Americans to make sure that everyone has not only the right to vote but the opportunity to vote without having to wait several hours in line.
Building usage
The building used as the polling place has a significant effect on how an individual votes. For example, voting inside a school building, a citizen might be more likely to vote for those in favor of school systems and education.
This is especially true if the school building you are voting in is in need of general improvement and/or renovation.
This environmental cue may give a voter firsthand knowledge of what needs there may be in a particular setting.
Similarly, voting in a church or parish hall, a citizen might be less likely to vote in favor of stem cell research.
These cues give a person a sense of satisfaction for voting one way or another in the moment, regardless if that was the way they intended to vote in the first place.
Distance to voting location
The cost of voting influences whether or not a person will vote. Research shows that the more expensive voting gets, the less likely a person is to vote.
Distance to the polling location is one of the main reasons cost can become an issue for voters.
Minor changes in distance from voters' homes to polling place can change the turnout of voters, which may change the outcome of a close election.
Distance to the polling place is an issue if not every voter has access to vehicle transportation.
According to the research on distance to the polling location by Haspel and Knotts, "To illustrate the range of the effect of distance, we plot our predicted probabilities at the lower and upper bounds of our continuous vehicle available variable. When no one owns a car (vehicle available = 0), the likelihood of voting drops from .664 at a distance of to .418 at the median distance of . When automobiles are universally available (vehicle available = 1), voters are much less sensitive to changes in distance: the likelihood of voting drops from .444 to .392 over the same distance range".
Voters ultimately value the convenience of polling locations. If a poll is accessible to the citizen they will make an effort, if the citizen has to travel a long distance then voter turnout decreases dramatically".
Redistricting
If a voter changes precincts due to redistricting, then the chances of their continuing to vote in future elections decreases.
The confusion that redistricting causes will deter the voter from looking into the new precinct where he or she should now vote.
In addition, the informational costs associated with alerting voters of their new polling location will also affect the voter turnout because it is highly unlikely that funds will be available to allocate to ensure that every voter knows where to vote.
Redistricting can be beneficial in order to provide a convenient location, but careful consideration should be taken before such a decision is made.
Openness and centralization
If voters are allowed to vote at any of a number of different locations in the county or district etc., this will increase voter turnout.
Sometimes, a voter's most convenient voting location is near his or her workplace, not necessarily the closest to their residence.
Having a more open policy of allowing multiple possible locations for a person to vote would encourage those individuals who cannot feasibly commute back and forth from work to vote, assuming the day of election is not a mandatory day off.
Having a large conspicuous polling location will ensure that the voters know where they are supposed to vote.
This will cut down on unnecessary signage and eliminate clutter and confusion.
File:Newport St James' Street 2010 general election polling station.JPG, A polling station at a school for the 2010 United Kingdom general election
File:Polling Station 2008.jpg, A polling station sign in the 2008 Jersey general election
The Jersey general election, 2008 was a series of elections that were taking place in two stages in October and November 2008 in Jersey.
Constable elections
For the first time since 1948 the elections of constables for the twelve parishes o ...
File:NewJerseyPollingPlace2008.JPG, A polling place in New Jersey
New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware ...
during the 2008 United States presidential election
The 2008 United States presidential election was the 56th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 2008. The Democratic ticket of Barack Obama, the junior senator from Illinois, and Joe Biden, the senior senator f ...
File:Thai general election 2007 02.jpg, A polling station in Ban Khung Taphao )
, native_name = บ้านคุ้งตะเภา
, nickname =
, settlement_type = Village
, motto =
, image_skyline = Nan_river_in_kungthapao.jpg
, imagesize =
, imag ...
, Khung Taphao subdistrict, Mueang Uttaradit district
Mueang Uttaradit (, ) is the capital district ('' amphoe mueang'') of Uttaradit province, northern Thailand.
Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the east clockwise) Tha Pla, Thong Saen Khan, Tron, Laplae of Uttaradit Province and Den C ...
, Uttaradit province, Thailand, for the 2007 Thai general election
General elections were held in Thailand on 23 December. They were the first elections after the Council for National Security, a military junta, had overthrown Thailand's elected government and abrogated the constitution on September 19, 2006. T ...
File:2012-13 tk verkiezingen.JPG, Polling place in a ''multi functional facility'' in Silvolde, a village in the East of the Netherlands
File:WyboryPrezydenckie2005-2.tura.jpg, Interior of a polling station in Wrocław
Wrocław (; german: Breslau, or . ; Silesian German: ''Brassel'') is a city in southwestern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia. It lies on the banks of the River Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe, rou ...
during the 2005 Polish presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Poland on 9 October and 23 October 2005. The outgoing President of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, had served two five-year terms and was unable to stand for a third term. Lech Kaczyński defeated Donald Tusk t ...
References
External links
Handbook for polling station staff UK Electoral Commission, 2010
{{DEFAULTSORT:Polling place
Elections
Political terminology
*