Polish Gothic Architecture

The Gothic architecture arrived in Poland in the first half of the 13th century with the arrival of the Dominican and Franciscan orders. The first elements of the new style are evident in the foundation of the Dominican Trinity church in Kraków (1226–1250),Marek Strzala
Stroll through the historic Kazimierz area.
''Krakow Info.com'' (Internet Archive). Retrieved . built by Bishop Iwo Odrowąż. Rebuilding of the Wrocław Cathedral, started in 1244, was another early manifestation of the Gothic style. The earliest building in Poland built entirely in the Gothic style is the chapel of St. Hedwig in Trzebnica (1268–1269), on the grounds of a Cistercian monastery.

Gothic architecture was proceeded by the Romanesque style, and some Romanesque buildings still survive, mostly in the north and west of the country (see here). Most Gothic buildings in Poland are made of brick, and belong to the Baltic Brick Gothic, especially in northern Poland (see Significant Brick Gothic buildings in Poland). Nonetheless, not all Gothic buildings in Poland are made of brick. Many buildings, e.g. the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków are mostly stone-built. Poland also has some Gothic fieldstone churches, mostly of relatively small size. The centres of Polish Gothic are Kraków, Gdańsk, Toruń and Wrocław.

The reign of king Casimir the Great was the time of the greatest flowering of gothic architecture in Poland. A similar development took place in the late Gothic phase, during the reign of Casimir the Jagiellonian.

In the region of Lesser Poland (in the south) buildings were built of brick with stone blocks used for some details. Churches built in the area are often two-nave, there are also some basilicas with relatively short aisles. Silesian Gothic resembles solution found in Lesser Poland, with some influence from Bohemia. As in Lesser Poland, Silesian Gothic buildings were mostly made of brick, with stone being used for details. One of the characteristics is the location of the tower – at the intersection of the transept of the church choir, on the south-east. The architecture of the northern Poland was strongly influenced by the Teutonic Order state buildings and Hansa cities. Churches in Pomerania were largely made of brick and were built as hall churches with tall towers, while basilicas were much less common. No new local form of the Gothic style developed in Mazovia, and Mazovian architecture dominated by simplified forms of Gothic styles found elsewhere.

Castles

Beginning in the 13th century, royal and ducal castles were being modernized, expanding functionality of existing buildings ( Wawel Castle, Legnica Castle). Construction of new castle began. As this initially required consent of the ruler, the oldest castles were state-built. Initially, in the 13th century, the characteristic elements of the locks were placed in a role within the wood-earth castles, so the first castles were irregular in shape (e.g., in Opole). After the mid-13th century abandoned the construction palatiów to be connected rather with the earlier epoch. Regular shape of castles spread throughout the Polish Kingdom in the reign of Casimir the Great, and built them into this shape, even in areas of previous castles (Rawa, Łęczyca, Koło). Castles and monasteries built by Joannites (Stare Drawsko, Łagów, Swobnica, Pęzino) and the Teutonic Order, in the state created by them in Prussia (Malbork, Radzyń Chełmiński, Niedzica) and bishops (in Lipowiec). The castles were built or final defense towers (known as stołp) and residential towers (donżon).

The best preserved Gothic castles are:
* in Lesser Poland: Chęciny, Odrzykoń, Czorsztyn, Niedzica, Kazimierz Dolny, Bobolice, Będzin, Lipowiec, Ogrodzieniec and others on Trail of the Eagles' Nests
* in northern Poland: built by the Teutonic Order in Malbork, Nidzica, Golub, Radzyń Chełmiński, Gniew; or on their strongholds modeled (usually built on the estates of bishops) in Kwidzyn, Lidzbark Warmiński, Olsztyn, Reszel.
* in Mazovia: Castle in Ciechanów, Czersk, Liw.
* in Greater Poland: Castle in the Koło, Szamotuły, Gołańcz, Łęczyca.
* in Lower Silesia: Siedlęcin Tower, Bolków, Chojnik, Żmigród, Świny

File:Bobolice, Zamek (II).JPG, Bobolice Castle
File:20140619 Zamek Ogrodzieniec 3703.jpg, Ogrodzieniec Castle (partially rebuilt)
File:Chęciny - zamek...jpg, Castle in Chęciny
File:20150411 Zamek w Będzinie 5554.jpg, Będzin Castle
File:Zamek książąt mazowieckich w Czersku 1.jpg, Masovian Dukes Castle in Czersk
File:Zamek w Ciechanowie.jpg, Masovian Dukes Castle in Ciechanów
File:Zamek Królewski w Łęczycy.jpg, Royal Castle in Łęczyca
File:646547 Lidzbark Warmiński zamek biskupi 02.JPG, Castle of Warmian Bishops in Lidzbark Warmiński
File:Gniew zamek z rogu.JPG, Teutonic Castle in Gniew
File:Zamek w Nidzicy.jpg, Teutonic Castle in Nidzica
File:Zespół Zamku Krzyżackiego MALBORK 01.jpg, Teutonic Ordensburg in Malbork
File:KP, Olsztyn, zamek2.JPG, Castle of Warmian Bishops in Olsztyn
File:Radzyn zamek gotycki.jpg, Teutonic Castle in Radzyń Chełmiński
File:Wawel Kurza Stopka tower.PNG, Medieval parts of Wawel Castle in Kraków

Town halls

A town hall called Ratusz was a symbol of a city's power in the Middle Ages. Around the town hall were other buildings associated with the function of the urban organism: hall, municipal building, weight, merchant stalls and pillory. Examples of unconverted later Gothic town halls include the Wrocław Town Hall, the Old Town Hall in Toruń and town halls in Chojna, Gdańsk and Szczecin.Szlakiem Rynków i Ratuszy w Polsce
PTTKElżbieta Zagłoba-Zygler
20 lat rajdu motorowego PTTK "Ratusze w Polsce"
"Gosciniec" Polskiego Towarzystwa Turystyczno-Krajoznawczego, PTTKJanusz Rosikoń

Rosikon Press Only the Gothic tower of the Ratusz town hall in Kraków has survived.Kamil Janicki
Co się stało z krakowskim ratuszem?
Ciekawostki turystyczne. The gothic town hall on the Old Town Market Square in Warsaw was demolished in 1820.

File:Wroclaw-Rathaus.jpg, Wrocław Town Hall
File:Torun Ratusz Staromiejski 2010 03 04 7189.JPG, Toruń Old Town Hall
File:Chojna ratusz.jpg, Chojna Town Hall
File:Orneta, ratusz.jpg, Orneta Town Hall
File:Ayuntamiento Principal, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 05.jpg, Gdańsk Town Hall
File:Krakow-ratusz2.jpg, Kraków Town Hall
File:SM Pasłęk Ratusz (3) ID 645083.jpg, Pasłęk Town Hall
File:Kamień Pomorski ratusz (6).jpg, Kamień Pomorski Town Hall
File:RatuszNaRynkuSiennym02.jpg, Szczecin Town Hall
File:Malbork 3036.JPG, Malbork Town Hall
File:Morąg, ratusz.JPG, Morąg Town Hall
File:StRatuszSrodaSlaska.jpg, Środa Śląska Town Hall
File:Sandomierz - Ratusz.jpg, Sandomierz Town Hall
File:Lwówek Śląski Ratusz (3).JPG, Lwówek Śląski Town Hall
File:2012-04 Głubczyce 22.jpg, Głubczyce Town Hall
File:Brama KrakowskWln.JPG, Wieluń Town Hall
File:Olsztyn. Stary Ratusz.JPG, Olsztyn Old Town Hall
File:Ratusz w Tarnowie, Rynek (-) 2 pavw.JPG, Tarnów Town Hall
File:Niederlausitz 08-13 img11 Gubin (PL).jpg, Gubin Town Hall
File:Namysłów Ratusz 01.JPG, Namysłów Town Hall
File:Żnin, Wieża ratuszowa.jpg, Żnin Town Hall
File:Stargard Szczec ratusz (3).jpg, Stargard Town Hall
File:Trzcinsko ratusz kolb8433.JPG, Trzcińsko-Zdrój Town Hall
File:Brodnica, Duży Rynek (cropped).JPG, Brodnica Town Hall

Houses

Existing settlements received in the 13th and 14th centuries tracking new laws (usually based on Magdeburg Law). Urban area is usually divided grid of streets perpendicular to the plot by creating a chessboard layout. Residential buildings, in the upper reaches is still built of wood or timber-framed art. In order to prevent the transmission of fire during the fire, often the wall was increased at the border of two adjacent parcels and tracts of gable roof receives addressed to the agent. Facades of houses stepped or triangular peaks. Houses of rich burghers sometimes received in the form of a richer decor. More often it was a topic mimicking polychrome wall, and wimpergi tracery. An example of building in the Gothic style is the house of Copernicus in Torun, in Sandomierz Długosz House, oldest building of Jagiellonian University – Collegium Maius, building on ul. Łazienna 22 in Toruń.

File:CopernicusHouse.jpg, Copernicus House, Toruń
File:Wislica Dom Dlugosza 20070825 1509.jpg, Długosz House, Wiślica
File:Gdansk DomSchlieffow.JPG, Schlieff Tenement in Gdańsk
File:Stary Rynek 50 51 Poznań.JPG, Houses in Old Market, Poznań
File:Dwór mieszczański, od strony bulwaru filadelfijskiego.jpg, St. George Guildhall in Toruń
File:Stargard Szczec kamienica gotycka (2).jpg, Protzen House, Stargard

Town walls and town gates

The city walls surrounded, sometimes in place of the earlier shafts and such investment is carried out for many years, making frequent upgrades. Older consolidation often was increased. The sequence is often interrupted by walls tower. Cities sometimes receive a new, second belt walls (e.g., Wrocław, Toruń). Leading to the ornate gates of cities often preceded the late Gothic period barbakanami connected with them neck. First this form of defense on Polish soil was established in Toruń – Barbican Starotoruński of 1426, the best preserved in Poland barbican Barbican in Kraków. To this day preserved fragments of walls, of which most survived the gate, for example, in Szydłów, Sandomierz, Kraków St. Florian's Gate and the Kraków barbican. Significant parts of the walls have been preserved in Stargard, Pyrzyce, Byczyna, Toruń. In Chełmno and Paczków city walls are preserved almost in its entirety.

File:Szydlow 20060619 1304 1.jpg, Kraków Gate, Szydłów
File:Brama florianska.jpg, St. Florian's Gate, Kraków
File:Olsztyn, Wysoka Brama..jpg, High Gate in Olsztyn
File:Legnica, Brama Głogowska i wieża Świętej Jadwigi Zamku Piastowskiego -Aw58- 24.03.2012 r..JPG, Gothic towers in Legnica
File:Wieża Katowska, Prudnik 2018.11.05 (03).jpg, Katowska and Mała Towers with a fragment of the town wall, Prudnik
File:Brama Mostowa, Toruń.JPG, Mostowa Gate in Toruń
File:2015 Brama Wodna w Bystrzycy Kłodzkiej 02.jpg, Water Tower in Bystrzyca Kłodzka
File:635489 Gdańsk Brama Mariacka 04.JPG, St. Mary's Gate in Gdańsk
File:Barbakan w Warszawie - 03.jpg, Barbican in Warsaw

Churches

Gothic churches can be found all over Poland, especially in major cities of late medieval Poland, including Kraków, Wrocław, Gdańsk. The St. Mary's Church in Gdańsk is the largest brick church in the world. The Pelplin Cathedral in Pelplin, Pomerania is one of the largest churches in Poland. Kraków's St. Mary's Basilica and Wawel Cathedral are among the most recognisable landmarks in all of Poland.

File:Wawel katedra2.jpg, Wawel Cathedral in Kraków
File:Poland-00756 - St. John The Baptist Church (31101183261).jpg, St. John's Cathedral in Warsaw
File:635422 Gdańsk-k.Mariacki 01.JPG, St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk
File:Katedra św. Jana Chrzciciela nr1 e83.jpg, Wrocław Cathedral
File:Krakow CorpusChristiChurch G28.jpg, Corpus Christi Basilica in Kraków
File:Frauenburger Dom 2010.jpg, Frombork Cathedral
File:Kraków - St. Mary Church 01.JPG, St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków
File:Kraków - Trinity Church 01.jpg, Dominicans Church, Kraków
File:Katedra p.w. Wniebowzięcia NMP we Włocławku1 N. Chylińska.JPG, Cathedral Church in Włocławek
File:Torun kosciol sw Jakuba od Szpitalnej.jpg, St. Jacob Church, Toruń
File:Torun kosciol ss Janow z mostu drogowego.jpg, Cathedral, Toruń
File:Wrocław Breslau Mary Magdalene Church.JPG, St. Mary Magdalene Church, Wrocław
File:Wroclaw- kosciol Michala Archaniola.jpg, St. Michael Archangel Church, Wrocław
598582 Wrocław Bazylika Elżbiety 01.JPG, St. Elizabeth's Church, Wrocław
File:Iglesia de la Santa Cruz, Breslavia, Polonia, 2017-12-20, DD 15.jpg, Holy Cross Church, Wrocław
File:Wroclaw swDorotyStanislawaWaclawa.jpg, St. Dorothea Church, Wrocław
File:Szydlow church 20060619 1235.jpg, St. Ladislaus Church, Szydłów
File:Kolegiata Dobre Miasto 1.JPG, Collegiate church, Dobre Miasto
File:Brosen katarzyna.jpg, St. Catherine Church, Gdańsk
File:Pelplin bazylika.JPG, Cathedral, Pelplin
File:Saint John the Baptist church in Orneta.jpg, St. John the Baptist Church, Orneta

Other buildings

File:Gdańsk (DerHexer) 2010-07-12 072.jpg, St. George Manor, Gdańsk
File:Gdansk Wielki Mlyn.jpg, Great Mill, Gdańsk
File:2014 Kłodzko, most gotycki 01.jpg, Gothic Bridge on millrace, Kłodzko
File:Arsenał Miejski, Wrocław 1.jpg, Arsenal, Wrocław
File:Stargard Archiwum.jpg, Arsenal, Stargard
File:2012.05.08 MALBORK (231).JPG, Palace Great Masters in Malbork
File:Malbork zamek 21.jpg, Refectary in Malbork Castle
File:SM Prudnik Wieża Zamkowa Woka 2018 (0) ID 628462.jpg, Wok's Tower, Prudnik

See also

* Culture of medieval Poland

References

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History of Poland during the Piast dynasty
Polish art