Pokémon (subculture)

(an abbreviation for in Japan) is a Japanese media franchise managed by The Pokémon Company, founded by Nintendo, Game Freak, and Creatures. The franchise was created by Satoshi Tajiri in 1996, and is centered around fictional creatures called "Pokémon". In ''Pokémon'', Pokémon Trainers are people who catch, train, care for, and battle with Pokémon. The English slogan for the franchise is " Gotta Catch ‘Em All!". There are currently 1008 Pokémon species.

The franchise began as ''Pocket Monsters: Red'' and ''Green'' (later released outside of Japan as ''Pokémon Red'' and ''Blue''), a pair of video games for the original Game Boy handheld system that were developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo in February 1996. ''Pokémon'' soon became a media mix franchise adapted into various different media. ''Pokémon'' is one of the highest-grossing media franchise of all time. The ''Pokémon'' video game series is the third best-selling video game franchise of all time with more than copies sold and onebillion mobile downloads. The Pokémon video game series spawned an anime television series that has become the most successful video game adaptation of all time with over 20 seasons and 1,000 episodes in 192 countries. The Pokémon Trading Card Game is the highest-selling trading card game of all time with over 43.2billion cards sold. In addition, the ''Pokémon'' franchise includes the world's top-selling toy brand, an anime film series, a live-action film ('' Detective Pikachu''), books, manga comics, music, merchandise, and a temporary theme park. The franchise is also represented in other Nintendo media, such as the ''Super Smash Bros.'' series, where various ''Pokémon'' characters are playable.

History

In 1998, Nintendo spent $25 million promoting Pokémon in the United States in partnership with Hasbro, KFC, and others. Nintendo initially feared that Pokémon was too Japanese for Western tastes but Alfred Kahn, then CEO of 4Kids Entertainment convinced the company otherwise. The one who spotted Pokémon's potential in the United States was Kahn's colleague Thomas Kenney.

In November 2005, 4Kids Entertainment, which had managed the non-game related licensing of ''Pokémon'', announced that it had agreed not to renew the ''Pokémon'' representation agreement. The Pokémon Company International oversees all ''Pokémon'' licensing outside Asia. In 2006, the franchise celebrated its tenth anniversary and release Pokémon Diamond and Pearl. In 2016, the Pokémon Company celebrated ''Pokémon''s 20th anniversary by airing an ad during Super Bowl 50 in January and re-releasing the first ''Pokémon'' video games 1996 Game Boy games ''Pokémon Red, Green'' (only in Japan), and ''Blue,'' and the 1998 Game Boy Color game ''Pokémon Yellow'' for the Nintendo 3DS on February 26, 2016. The mobile augmented reality game '' Pokémon Go'' was released in July 2016. Pokémon Sun and Moon also released in the same year. The first live-action film in the franchise, '' Pokémon Detective Pikachu'', based on the 2018 Nintendo 3DS spin-off game '' Detective Pikachu'', was released in 2019. The eighth generation of core series games began with '' Pokémon Sword and Shield'', released worldwide on the Nintendo Switch on November 15, 2019.

To celebrate its 25th anniversary, the company released two additional titles for the Nintendo Switch: ''Pokémon Brilliant Diamond'' and ''Shining Pearl'', remakes of the Nintendo DS ''Pokémon Diamond'' and ''Pearl'' games, on November 19, 2021, and its "premake" '' Pokémon Legends: Arceus'', which was subsequently released on January 28, 2022.

''Pokémon Scarlet'' and ''Violet'' began the ninth generation of the game series when they released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch on November 18, 2022.

Name

The name "Pokémon" is a syllabic abbreviation of the Japanese brand ''Pocket Monsters''. The term "Pokémon", in addition to referring to the ''Pokémon'' franchise itself, also collectively refers to the many fictional species that have made appearances in ''Pokémon'' media. "Pokémon" is identical in the singular and plural, as is each individual species name; it is and would be grammatically correct to say "one Pokémon" and "many Pokémon", as well as "one Pikachu" and "many Pikachu".

Concept

Gameplay

''Pokémon'' executive director Satoshi Tajiri first thought of ''Pokémon'', albeit with a different concept and name, around 1989, when the Game Boy was released. The concept of the Pokémon universe, in both the video games and the general fictional world of ''Pokémon'', stems from the hobby of insect collecting, a popular pastime which Tajiri enjoyed as a child. Players are designated as Pokémon Trainers and have three general goals: to complete the regional Pokédex by collecting all of the available Pokémon species found in the fictional region where a game takes place, to complete the national Pokédex by transferring Pokémon from other regions, and to train a team of powerful Pokémon from those they have caught to compete against teams owned by other Trainers so they may eventually win the Pokémon League and become the regional Champion. These themes of collecting, training, and battling are present in almost every version of the Pokémon franchise, including the video games, the anime and manga series, and the Pokémon Trading Card Game (also known as ''TCG'').

In most incarnations of the ''Pokémon'' universe, a Trainer who encounters a wild Pokémon has the ability to capture that Pokémon by throwing a specially designed, mass-producible spherical tool called a Poké Ball at it. If the Pokémon is unable to escape the confines of the Poké Ball, it is considered to be under the ownership of that Trainer. Afterwards, it will obey whatever commands it receives from its new Trainer, unless the Trainer demonstrates such a lack of experience that the Pokémon would rather act on its own accord. Trainers can send out any of their Pokémon to wage non-lethal battles against other Pokémon; if the opposing Pokémon is wild, the Trainer can capture that Pokémon with a Poké Ball, increasing their collection of creatures. In '' Pokémon Go'', and in ''Pokémon: Let's Go, Pikachu!'' and ''Let's Go, Eevee!'', wild Pokémon encountered by players can be caught in Poké Balls, but most cannot be battled. Pokémon already owned by other Trainers cannot be captured, except under special circumstances in certain side games. If a Pokémon fully defeats an opponent in battle so that the opponent is knocked out ("faints"), the winning Pokémon gains experience points and may level up. Beginning with ''Pokémon X'' and ''Y'', experience points are also gained from catching Pokémon in Poké Balls. When leveling up, the Pokémon's battling aptitude statistics ("stats", such as "Attack" and "Speed") increase. At certain levels, the Pokémon may also learn new moves, which are techniques used in battle. In addition, many species of Pokémon can undergo a form of metamorphosis and transform into a similar but stronger species of Pokémon, a process called evolution; this process occurs spontaneously under differing circumstances, and is itself a central theme of the series. Some species of Pokémon may undergo a maximum of two evolutionary transformations, while others may undergo only one, and others may not evolve at all. For example, the Pokémon Pichu may evolve into Pikachu, which in turn may evolve into Raichu, following which no further evolutions may occur. ''Pokémon X'' and ''Y'' introduced the concept of "Mega Evolution," by which certain fully evolved Pokémon may temporarily undergo an additional evolution into a stronger form for the purpose of battling; this evolution is considered a special case, and unlike other evolutionary stages, is reversible.

In the main series, each game's single-player mode requires the Trainer to raise a team of Pokémon to defeat many non-player character (NPC) Trainers and their Pokémon. Each game lays out a somewhat linear path through a specific region of the ''Pokémon'' world for the Trainer to journey through, completing events and battling opponents along the way (including foiling the plans of an ''evil'' team of Pokémon Trainers who serve as antagonists to the player). Excluding ''Pokémon Sun'' and ''Moon'' and ''Pokémon Ultra Sun'' and ''Ultra Moon'', the games feature eight powerful Trainers, referred to as Gym Leaders, that the Trainer must defeat in order to progress. As a reward, the Trainer receives a Gym Badge, and once all eight badges are collected, the Trainer is eligible to challenge the region's Pokémon League, where four talented trainers (referred to collectively as the "Elite Four") challenge the Trainer to four Pokémon battles in succession. If the trainer can overcome this gauntlet, they must challenge the Regional Champion, the master Trainer who had previously defeated the Elite Four. Any Trainer who wins this last battle becomes the new champion.

Pokémon universe

''Pokémon'' is set in the fictional ''Pokémon'' universe. There are numerous regions that have appeared in the various media of the ''Pokémon'' franchise. There are 9 main series regions set in the main series games: Kanto, Johto, Hoenn, Sinnoh/Hisui, Unova, Kalos, Alola, Galar, and Paldea. Each of the nine generations of the main series releases focuses on a new region. Every region consists of several cities and towns that the player must explore in order to overcome many waiting challenges, such as Gyms, Contests and villainous teams. At different locations within each region, the player can find different types of Pokémon, as well as helpful items and characters. Different regions are not accessible from one another at all within a single game, only with the exception of Kanto and Johto being linked together in ''Pokémon Gold'', ''Silver'', '' Crystal'', ''HeartGold'' and ''SoulSilver'' versions. There are also regions set in spinoff games and two islands in the ''Pokémon'' anime (Orange Islands and Decolore Islands), all still set within the same fictional universe.

Each main series region in the ''Pokémon'' universe is based on a real world location. The first four regions introduced are based off of locations in Japan, being Kantō, Kansai, Kyushu, and Hokkaidō, with later regions being based on parts on New York City, France, Hawaii, the United Kingdom, and the Iberian Peninsula.

Video games

Generations

All of the licensed ''Pokémon'' properties overseen by the Pokémon Company International are divided roughly by generation. These generations are roughly chronological divisions by release; every several years, when a sequel to the 1996 role-playing video games ''Pokémon Red'' and ''Green'' is released that features new Pokémon, characters, and gameplay concepts, that sequel is considered the start of a new generation of the franchise. The main ''Pokémon'' video games and their spin-offs, the anime, manga, and trading card game are all updated with the new Pokémon properties each time a new generation begins. Some Pokémon from the newer games appear in anime episodes or films months, or even years, before the game they were programmed for came out. The first generation began in Japan with ''Pokémon Red'' and ''Green'' on the Game Boy. As of 2022, there are nine generations of main series video games. The most recent games in the main series, ''Pokémon Scarlet'' and ''Violet'' began the ninth and latest generation when they released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch on November 18, 2022.

List of ''Pokémon'' main series video games

In other media

Anime series

''Pokémon'', also known as ''Pokémon the Series'' to Western audiences since the year 2013, is an anime television series based on the ''Pokémon'' video game series. It was originally broadcast on TV Tokyo in 1997. More than 1,000 episodes of the anime has been produced and aired, divided into 7 series in Japan and 22 seasons internationally. It is one of the longest currently running anime series.

The anime follows the quest of the main character, Ash Ketchum (known as Satoshi in Japan), a Pokémon Master in training, as he and a small group of friends travel around the world of Pokémon along with their Pokémon partners.

Various children's books, collectively known as ''Pokémon Junior'', are also based on the anime.

An eight-part anime series called '' Pokémon: Twilight Wings'' aired on YouTube in 2020. The series was animated by Studio Colorido.

In July 2021, it was announced that a live action Pokémon series is in early development at Netflix with Joe Henderson attached to write and executive produce.

An eight part anime series in celebration of the Pokémon 25th anniversary called '' Pokémon Evolutions'' aired on YouTube in 2021.

Films

There have been 23 animated theatrical ''Pokémon'' films (latest film to be released on December 25, 2020), which have been directed by Kunihiko Yuyama and Tetsuo Yajima, and distributed in Japan by Toho since 1998. The pair of films, ''Pokémon the Movie: Black—Victini and Reshiram'' and ''White—Victini and Zekrom'' are considered together as one film. Collectibles, such as promotional trading cards, have been available with some of the films. Since the 20th film, the films have been set in an alternate continuity separate from the anime series.

Soundtracks

''Pokémon'' CDs have been released in North America, some of them in conjunction with the theatrical releases of the first three and the 20th ''Pokémon'' films. These releases were commonplace until late 2001. On March 27, 2007, a tenth anniversary CD was released containing 18 tracks from the English dub; this was the first English-language release in over five years. Soundtracks of the ''Pokémon'' feature films have been released in Japan each year in conjunction with the theatrical releases. In 2017, a soundtrack album featuring music from the North American versions of the 17th through 20th movies was released.

The exact date of release is unknown.

Featuring music from '' Pokémon the Movie: Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction'', '' Pokémon the Movie: Hoopa and the Clash of Ages'', '' Pokémon the Movie: Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel'', and '' Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You!''

Pokémon Trading Card Game

The Pokémon Trading Card Game (TCG) is a collectible card game with a goal similar to a Pokémon battle in the video game series. Players use Pokémon cards, with individual strengths and weaknesses, in an attempt to defeat their opponent by "knocking out" their Pokémon cards. The game was published in North America by Wizards of the Coast in 1999. With the release of the Game Boy Advance video games ''Pokémon Ruby'' and ''Sapphire'', the Pokémon Company took back the card game from Wizards of the Coast and started publishing the cards themselves. The Expedition expansion introduced the ''Pokémon-e Trading Card Game'', where the cards (for the most part) were compatible with the Nintendo e-Reader. Nintendo discontinued its production of e-Reader compatible cards with the release of ''FireRed'' and ''LeafGreen''. In 1998, Nintendo released a Game Boy Color version of the trading card game in Japan; '' Pokémon Trading Card Game'' was subsequently released to the US and Europe in 2000. The game included digital versions of cards from the original set of cards and the first two expansions (Jungle and Fossil), as well as several cards exclusive to the game. A sequel was released in Japan in 2001.

Manga

There are various Pokémon manga series, four of which were released in English by Viz Media, and seven of them released in English by Chuang Yi. The manga series vary from game-based series to being based on the anime and the Trading Card Game. Original stories have also been published. As there are several series created by different authors, most ''Pokémon'' manga series differ greatly from each other and other media, such as the anime. ''Pokémon Pocket Monsters'' and ''Pokémon Adventures'' are the two manga in production since the first generation.

;Manga released in English
*'' The Electric Tale of Pikachu'' (''Dengeki Pikachu''), a shōnen manga created by Toshihiro Ono. It was divided into four tankōbon, each given a separate title in the North American and English Singapore versions: ''The Electric Tale of Pikachu'', ''Pikachu Shocks Back'', ''Electric Pikachu Boogaloo'', and ''Surf's Up, Pikachu''. The series is based loosely on the anime.
*'' Pokémon Adventures'' (''Pocket Monsters SPECIAL'' in Japan) by Hidenori Kusaka (story), Mato (art formerly), and Satoshi Yamamoto (art currently), the most popular Pokémon manga based on the video games. The story series around the Pokémon Trainers who called "Pokédex holders".
*'' Magical Pokémon Journey'' (''Pocket Monsters PiPiPi ★ Adventures''), a shōjo manga
*'' Pikachu Meets the Press'' (newspaper style comics, not released by Chuang Yi)
*'' Ash & Pikachu'' (''Satoshi to Pikachu'')
*'' Pokémon Gold & Silver''
*'' Pokémon Ruby-Sapphire'' and ''Pokémon Pocket Monsters''
*'' Pokémon: Jirachi Wish Maker''
*'' Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys''
*'' Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew'' (the third movie-to-comic adaptation)
*''Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea'' (the fourth movie-to-comic adaption)
*'' Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure!''
*''Pokémon Adventures: Diamond and Pearl / Platinum''
*'' Pokémon: The Rise of Darkrai'' (the fifth movie-to-comic adaption)
*'' Pokémon: Giratina and the Sky Warrior'' (the sixth movie-to-comic adaption)
*'' Pokémon: Arceus and the Jewel of Life'' (the seventh movie-to-comic adaption)
*'' Pokémon: Zoroark: Master of Illusions'' (the eighth movie-to-comic adaption)
*'' Pokémon The Movie: White: Victini and Zekrom'' (the ninth movie-to-comic adaption)
*'' Pokémon Black and White''
;Manga not released in English
*''Pokémon Pocket Monsters'' by Kosaku Anakubo, the first Pokémon manga. Chiefly a gag manga, it stars a Pokémon Trainer named Red, his rude Clefairy, and Pikachu.
*''Pokémon Card ni Natta Wake'' (''How I Became a Pokémon Card'') by Kagemaru Himeno, an artist for the Trading Card Game. There are six volumes and each includes a special promotional card. The stories tell the tales of the art behind some of Himeno's cards.
*''Pokémon Get aa ze!'' by Miho Asada
*''Pocket Monsters Chamo-Chamo ★ Pretty ♪'' by Yumi Tsukirino, who also made ''Magical Pokémon Journey''.
*''Pokémon Card Master''
*''Pocket Monsters Emerald Chōsen!! Battle Frontier'' by Ihara Shigekatsu
*''Pocket Monsters Zensho'' by Satomi Nakamura

Monopoly

A ''Pokémon''-styled ''Monopoly'' board game was released in August 2014.

Live-action series

In July 2021, it was announced that a live-action ''Pokémon'' series is reportedly in development at Netflix. Joe Henderson, showrunner of '' Lucifer'', is signed on as writer and executive producer.

Criticisms and controversies

Morality and religious beliefs

''Pokémon'' has been criticized by some fundamentalist Christians over perceived occult and violent themes and the concept of "Pokémon evolution", which they feel goes against the Biblical creation account in Genesis. Sat2000, a satellite television station based in Vatican City, has countered that the Pokémon Trading Card Game and video games are "full of inventive imagination" and have no "harmful moral side effects". In the United Kingdom, the "Christian Power Cards" game was introduced in 1999 by David Tate who stated, "Some people aren't happy with Pokémon and want an alternative, others just want Christian games." The game was similar to the Pokémon Trading Card Game but used Biblical figures.

In 1999, Nintendo stopped manufacturing the Japanese version of the "Koga's Ninja Trick" trading card because it depicted a manji, a traditionally Buddhist symbol with no negative connotations. The Jewish civil rights group Anti-Defamation League complained because the symbol is the reverse of a swastika, a Nazi symbol. The cards were intended for sale in Japan only, but the popularity of ''Pokémon'' led to import into the United States with approval from Nintendo. The Anti-Defamation League understood that the portrayed symbol was not intended to offend and acknowledged the sensitivity that Nintendo showed by removing the product.

In 1999, two nine-year-old boys from Merrick, New York, sued Nintendo because they claimed the Pokémon Trading Card Game caused their problematic gambling.

In 2001, Saudi Arabia banned ''Pokémon'' games and the trading cards, alleging that the franchise promoted Zionism by displaying the Star of David in the trading cards (the Colorless energy from the ''Pokémon Trading Card Game'' resembles a six-pointed star) as well as other religious symbols such as crosses they associated with Christianity and triangles they associated with Freemasonry; the games also involved gambling, which is in violation of Muslim doctrine.

''Pokémon'' has also been accused of promoting materialism.

Animal cruelty

In 2012, PETA criticized the concept of ''Pokémon'' as supporting cruelty to animals. PETA compared the game's concept, of capturing animals and forcing them to fight, to cockfights, dog fighting rings and circuses, events frequently criticized for cruelty to animals. PETA released a game spoofing ''Pokémon'' where the Pokémon battle their trainers to win their freedom. PETA reaffirmed their objections in 2016 with the release of ''Pokémon Go'', promoting the hashtag #GottaFreeThemAll.

Health

On December 16, 1997, more than 635 Japanese children were admitted to hospitals with epileptic seizures. It was determined the seizures were caused by watching an episode of Pokémon " Dennō Senshi Porygon", (most commonly translated "Electric Soldier Porygon", season 1, episode 38); as a result, this episode has not been aired since. In this particular episode, there were bright explosions with rapidly alternating blue and red color patterns. It was determined in subsequent research that these strobing light effects cause some individuals to have epileptic seizures, even if the person had no previous history of epilepsy. This incident is a common focus of Pokémon-related parodies in other media, and was lampooned by '' The Simpsons'' episode " Thirty Minutes over Tokyo" in a short cameo and the ''South Park'' episode " Chinpokomon", among others.

''Monster in My Pocket''

In March 2000, Morrison Entertainment Group, a toy developer based at Manhattan Beach, California, sued Nintendo over claims that ''Pokémon'' infringed on its own '' Monster in My Pocket'' characters. A judge ruled there was no infringement and Morrison appealed the ruling. On February 4, 2003, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the decision by the District Court to dismiss the suit.

''Pokémon Go''

Within its first two days of release, ''Pokémon Go'' raised safety concerns among players. Multiple people also suffered minor injuries from falling while playing the game due to being distracted.

Multiple police departments in various countries have issued warnings, some tongue-in-cheek, regarding inattentive driving, trespassing, and being targeted by criminals due to being unaware of one's surroundings. People have suffered various injuries from accidents related to the game, and Bosnian players have been warned to stay out of minefields left over from the 1990s Bosnian War.

On July 20, 2016, it was reported that an 18-year-old boy in Chiquimula, Guatemala, was shot and killed while playing the game in the late evening hours. This was the first reported death in connection with the app. The boy's 17-year-old cousin, who was accompanying the victim, was shot in the foot. Police speculated that the shooters used the game's GPS capability to find the two.

Cultural influence

''Pokémon'', being a globally popular franchise, has left a significant mark on today's popular culture. The various species of ''Pokémon'' have become pop culture icons; examples include two different Pikachu balloons in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, ''Pokémon''-themed airplanes operated by All Nippon Airways, merchandise items, and a traveling theme park that was in Nagoya, Japan in 2005 and in Taipei in 2006. ''Pokémon'' also appeared on the cover of the U.S. magazine '' Time'' in 1999. The Comedy Central show '' Drawn Together'' has a character named Ling-Ling who is a parody of Pikachu. Several other shows such as ''The Simpsons'', ''South Park'' and ''Robot Chicken'' have made references and spoofs of ''Pokémon'', among other series. ''Pokémon'' was featured on VH1's '' I Love the '90s: Part Deux''. A live action show based on the anime called '' Pokémon Live!'' toured the United States in late 2000. Jim Butcher cites ''Pokémon'' as one of the inspirations for the '' Codex Alera'' series of novels.

Pokémon has even made its mark in the realm of science. This includes animals named after Pokémon, such as ''Stentorceps weedlei'' (named after the Pokémon Weedle for its resemblance) and ''Chilicola charizard'' (named after the Pokémon Charizard) as well as ''Binburrum articuno, Binburrum zapdos, and Binburrum moltres'' (named after the Pokémon Articuno, Zapdos, and Moltres, respectively). There is also a protein named after Pikachu, called Pikachurin.

In November 2001, Nintendo opened a store called the Pokémon Center in New York, in Rockefeller Center, modeled after the two other Pokémon Center stores in Tokyo and Osaka and named after a staple of the video game series. Pokémon Centers are fictional buildings where Trainers take their injured Pokémon to be healed after combat. The store sold Pokémon merchandise on a total of two floors, with items ranging from collectible shirts to stuffed Pokémon plushies. The store also featured a Pokémon Distributing Machine in which players would place their game to receive an egg of a Pokémon that was being given out at that time. The store also had tables that were open for players of the Pokémon Trading Card Game to duel each other or an employee. The store was closed and replaced by the Nintendo World Store on May 14, 2005. Four Pokémon Center kiosks were put in malls in the Seattle area. The Pokémon Center online store was relaunched on August 6, 2014.

Professor of education Joseph Tobin theorizes that the success of the franchise was due to the long list of names that could be learned by children and repeated in their peer groups. Its rich fictional universe provides opportunities for discussion and demonstration of knowledge in front of their peers. The names of the creatures were linked to its characteristics, which converged with the children's belief that names have symbolic power. Children can pick their favourite Pokémon and affirm their individuality while at the same time affirming their conformance to the values of the group, and they can distinguish themselves from others by asserting what they liked and what they did not like from every chapter. ''Pokémon'' gained popularity because it provides a sense of identity to a wide variety of children, and lost it quickly when many of those children found that the identity groups were too big and searched for identities that would distinguish them into smaller groups.

''Pokémon''s history has been marked at times by rivalry with the ''Digimon'' media franchise that debuted at a similar time. Described as "the other 'mon by IGN's Juan Castro, ''Digimon'' has not enjoyed ''Pokémon''s level of international popularity or success, but has maintained a dedicated fanbase. IGN's Lucas M. Thomas stated that ''Pokémon'' is ''Digimon''s "constant competition and comparison", attributing the former's relative success to the simplicity of its evolution mechanic as opposed to Digivolution. The two have been noted for conceptual and stylistic similarities by sources such as GameZone. A debate among fans exists over which of the two franchises came first. In actuality, the first ''Pokémon'' media, ''Pokémon Red'' and ''Green'', were released initially on February 27, 1996; whereas the ''Digimon'' virtual pet was released on June 26, 1997.

Fan community

While ''Pokémon''s target demographic is children, early purchasers of ''Pokémon Omega Ruby'' and ''Alpha Sapphire'' were in their 20s. Many fans are adults who originally played the games as children and had later returned to the series.

Numerous fan sites exist for the Pokémon franchise, including , a site hosting the wiki-based encyclopedia Bulbapedia, and Serebii, a news and reference website. Large fan communities exist on other platforms, such as the subreddit ''r/pokemon'', which has over 4 million subscribers.

A significant community around the ''Pokémon'' video games' metagame has existed for a long time, analyzing the best ways to use each Pokémon to their full potential in competitive battles. The most prolific competitive community is Smogon University, which has created a widely accepted tier-based battle system.
Smogon is affiliated with an online ''Pokémon'' game called ''Pokémon Showdown'', in which players create a team and battle against other players around the world using the competitive tiers created by Smogon.

In early 2014, an anonymous video streamer on Twitch launched Twitch Plays ''Pokémon'', a small experiment trying to crowdsource playing subsequent ''Pokémon'' games, that started with the game ''Pokémon Red'' and has since included subsequent games in the series.

A study at Stanford Neurosciences published in ''Nature'' performed magnetic resonance imaging scans of 11 Pokémon experts and 11 controls, finding that seeing Pokémon stimulated activity in the visual cortex, in a different place than is triggered by recognizing faces, places, or words, demonstrating the brain's ability to create such specialized areas.

Nuzlocke Challenge

A challenge called the Nuzlocke Challenge allows players to only capture the first Pokémon encountered in each area. Using rules from a webcomic originally named "Pokémon Hard-Mode", if they do not succeed in capturing that Pokémon, there are no second chances. When a Pokémon faints, it is considered "dead" and must be released or stored in the PC permanently. If the player faints, the game is considered over, and the player must restart. The original idea consisted of 2 to 3 rules that the community has built upon. There are many fan made ''Pokémon'' games that contain a game mode similar to the Nuzlocke Challenge, such as ''Pokémon Uranium''.

Notes

References

Further reading

* Tobin, Joseph, ed. (February 2004). ''Pikachu's Global Adventure: The Rise and Fall of Pokémon''. Duke University Press. .

External links

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