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Plithotaxis, from the Greek word "πλήΘος", denotes a crowd, swarm, or throng. In collective
Plithotaxis, from the Greek word "πλήΘος", denotes a crowd, swarm, or throng. In collective cellular migration
Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Tissue formation during embryonic development, wound healing and immune responses all require the orchestrated movement of cells in particular direct ...
, plithotaxis is the tendency for each individual cell within a monolayer to migrate along the local orientation of the maximal principal stress
In continuum mechanics, the Cauchy stress tensor \boldsymbol\sigma, true stress tensor, or simply called the stress tensor is a second order tensor named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy. The tensor consists of nine components \sigma_ that completely ...
, or equivalently, minimal intercellular shear stress
Shear stress, often denoted by (Greek: tau), is the component of stress coplanar with a material cross section. It arises from the shear force, the component of force vector parallel to the material cross section. ''Normal stress'', on the ...
.Tambe, D.T., Hardin, C., Angelini, T.E., Rajendran, K., Park, C.Y., Serra-Picamal, X., Zhou, E.H., Zaman, M.H., Butler, J.P., Weitz, D.A., Fredberg JJ, Trepat, X, Collective cell guidance by cooperative intercellular forces. ''Nature Materials'',10(6), 469-475, 2011, .Trepat, X, Fredberg, JJ. Plithotaxis and emergent dynamics in collective cellular migration. ''Trends in Cell Biology'' - 23 July 2011, . Plithotaxis requires force transmission across many cell-cell junctions and therefore is an emergent property
In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when an entity is observed to have properties its parts do not have on their own, properties or behaviors that emerge only when the parts interact in a wider whole.
Emergence ...
of the cell group.
Plithotaxis is found to hold at the level of both a subcellular grid point and an individual cell of a confluent monolayer, and the stresses must be tensile.Patel, N.G., Nguyen, A., Xu, N., Ananthasekar, S., Alvarez, D.F., Stevens, T., Tambe, D.T., Unleashing shear: Role of intercellular traction and cellular moments in collective cell migration. ''Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications'' - February 2020, .
See also
* Chemotaxis *Durotaxis
Durotaxis is a form of cell migration in which cells are guided by rigidity gradients, which arise from differential structural properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Most normal cells migrate up rigidity gradients (in the direction of great ...
* Haptotaxis Haptotaxis (from Greek ἅπτω (hapto, "touch, fasten") and τάξις (taxis, "arrangement, order")) is the directional motility or outgrowth of cells, e.g. in the case of axonal outgrowth, usually up a gradient of cellular adhesion sites or sub ...
* Mechanotaxis Mechanotaxis refers to the directed movement of cell motility via mechanical cues (e.g., fluidic shear stress, substrate stiffness gradients, etc.). In response to fluidic shear stress, for example, cells have been shown to migrate in the direction ...
References
Cell biology Physiology Signal transduction Emergence {{biology-stub