Plasmodium Species Infecting Reptiles
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Over 90 species and subspecies of ''
Plasmodium ''Plasmodium'' is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects. The life cycles of ''Plasmodium'' species involve development in a blood-feeding insect host which then injects parasites into a vert ...
'' infect lizards. They have been reported from over 3200 species of lizard but only 29 species of snake. Three species - ''P. pessoai'', ''P. tomodoni'' and ''P. wenyoni'' - infect snakes. These species belong to the subgenera ''
Asiamoeba ''Asiamoeba'' is a subgenus of the genus ''Plasmodium'' - all of which are parasitic unicellular eukaryotes. The subgenus was created by Telford in 1988. Species in this subgenus infect lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate rept ...
'', ''
Carinamoeba ''Carinamoeba'' is a subgenus of the genus ''Plasmodium'' - all of which are parasitic unicellular eukaryotes. The subgenus was created in 1966 by Garnham.Garnham P.C.C. (1966) Malaria parasttes and other haemospordia. Oxford, Blackwell Species ...
'', ''
Fallisia ''Fallisia'' is a genus of the family Plasmodiidae'' The genus was created by Lainson, Landau and Shaw in 1974. A revision of the genus ''Plasmodium'' by Levine in 1985 considered this subgenus to be a synonym of ''Plasmodium''. The description ...
'', '' Garnia'', ''
Lacertamoeba ''Lacertamoeba'' is a subgenus of the genus ''Plasmodium'' — all of which are parasites. All species in this subgenus infect reptiles. Taxonomy This subgenus was created by Telford to refine the classification of species then given as ''Plasm ...
'', ''
Ophidiella ''Ophidiella'' is a subgenus of the genus ''Plasmodium'' created in 1966 by Garnham.Garnham P.C.C. (1966) Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia. Oxford, Blackwell It was created as a subgenus for the then only known species infecting snake ...
'', '' Paraplasmodium'' and ''
Sauramoeba ''Sauramoeba'' is a subgenus of the genus ''Plasmodium'', all of which are parasitic eukaryotes. The subgenus was created in 1966 by Garnham. Species in this subgenus infect reptiles. Description The original criterion for inclusion in this ...
''.Schall J.J. (2000) Transmission success of the malaria parasite ''Plasmodium mexicanum'' into its vector: role of gametocyte density and sex ratio. Parasitol. 121 (6):575-580 Additional species continue to be described.Perkins S.L., Austin C. (2008) Four new species of Plasmodium from New Guinea lizards: Integrating morphology and molecules. J. Parasitol.


Host records

*''P. agamae'' - the rainbow
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
('' Agama agama'') *''P. attenuatum'' - ''
Ameiva ameiva ''Ameiva ameiva'', also known as the giant ameiva, green ameiva, South American ground lizard, or Amazon racerunner, is a species of lizard in the family Teiidae found in Central, South America, and some Caribbean Islands. Geographic range It ...
'' *''P. arachniformis'' -
chameleon Chameleons or chamaeleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of Old World lizards with 202 species described as of June 2015. The members of this family are best known for their distinct range of colors, bein ...
s *''P. aurulentum'' - neotropical
forest A forest is an area of land dominated by trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function. The United Nations' ...
gecko Geckos are small, mostly carnivorous lizards that have a wide distribution, found on every continent except Antarctica. Belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, geckos are found in warm climates throughout the world. They range from . Geckos ar ...
('' Thecadactylus rapicaudus'') *''P. azurophilum'' - anole
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
s (''
Anolis gingivinus ''Anolis gingivinus'', also known as the Anguilla Bank tree anole, Anguilla bank anole, and Anguilla anole, is a species of anole lizard that is endemic to the Caribbean Lesser Antilles islands of Anguilla and its satellites, such as Saint Martin ...
'', ''
Anolis gundlachi ''Anolis gundlachi'', also commonly known as the yellow-chinned anole, Gundlach's anole, or yellow-beard anole, is an oviparous, sexually dimorphic species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is endemic to Puerto Rico and lives in mo ...
'', ''
Anolis sabanus Anolis sabanus, the Saba anole or Saban anole, is a species of anole lizard that is endemic to the island of Saba, a Dutch municipality in the Caribbean Lesser Antilles. Males measure from (snout-to-vent), and females measure from .Staats, C. ...
'') *''P. bailli'' -
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
s (''
Anolis limifrons ''Anolis limifrons'', also known commonly as the slender anole or the border anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to Central America. Geographic range ''A. limifrons'' is found in Guatemala, Belize, Hon ...
'', '' Anolis lionotus'' and ''
Anolis poecilopus ''Anolis poecilopus'', the dappled anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Panama Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a trans ...
'') *''P. basilisci'' - the striped basilisk ('' Basiliscus vittatus'') *''P. beebei'' - the
gecko Geckos are small, mostly carnivorous lizards that have a wide distribution, found on every continent except Antarctica. Belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, geckos are found in warm climates throughout the world. They range from . Geckos ar ...
('' Gonatodes taniae'') *''P. brygooi'' - short-horned
chameleon Chameleons or chamaeleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of Old World lizards with 202 species described as of June 2015. The members of this family are best known for their distinct range of colors, bein ...
('' Chamaeleo brevicornis'') *''P. chiricahuae'' - fence
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
('' Sceloporus jarrovi'') *''P. circularis'' -
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
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skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. Ski ...
('' Egernia stokesii'') *''P. cnemaspi'' - African gecko (''
Cnemaspis africana The African gecko (''Ancylodactylus africanus'') is a species of gecko found in Central Africa. Two subspecies have been described.Ameiva ameiva ''Ameiva ameiva'', also known as the giant ameiva, green ameiva, South American ground lizard, or Amazon racerunner, is a species of lizard in the family Teiidae found in Central, South America, and some Caribbean Islands. Geographic range It ...
'' *''P. colombiense'' -
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
('' Anolis auratus'') *''P. diploglossi'' - Anguid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
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Diploglossus fasciatus ''Diploglossus fasciatus'', the banded galliwasp, is a species of lizard of the Diploglossidae family. It is found in Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Per ...
'') *''P. draconis'' - the flying
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
('' Draco volans'') *''P. egerniae'' - the land mullet (''
Egernia major The land mullet (''Bellatorias major'') is one of the largest members of the skink family (Scincidae). Description The species may reach total lengths of up to 60 cm (23.6 inches). They are uniform glossy black to brown, with a paler ring ...
'') *''P. fairchildi'' -
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
('' Anolis cupreus'') *''P. floridense'' - anole
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
s (''
Anolis biporcatus ''Anolis biporcatus'', also known as the neotropical green anole or giant green anole, is a species of anole. It is found in forests, both disturbed and undisturbed, in Mexico, Central America, Colombia and Venezuela. More southern populations, ...
'', '' Anolis carolinensis'', ''
Anolis frenatus ''Anolis frenatus'', the bridled anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with i ...
'', ''
Anolis gingivinus ''Anolis gingivinus'', also known as the Anguilla Bank tree anole, Anguilla bank anole, and Anguilla anole, is a species of anole lizard that is endemic to the Caribbean Lesser Antilles islands of Anguilla and its satellites, such as Saint Martin ...
'', ''
Anolis gundlachi ''Anolis gundlachi'', also commonly known as the yellow-chinned anole, Gundlach's anole, or yellow-beard anole, is an oviparous, sexually dimorphic species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is endemic to Puerto Rico and lives in mo ...
'', ''
Anolis limifrons ''Anolis limifrons'', also known commonly as the slender anole or the border anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to Central America. Geographic range ''A. limifrons'' is found in Guatemala, Belize, Hon ...
'', '' Anolis pentaprion'', ''
Anolis sabanus Anolis sabanus, the Saba anole or Saban anole, is a species of anole lizard that is endemic to the island of Saba, a Dutch municipality in the Caribbean Lesser Antilles. Males measure from (snout-to-vent), and females measure from .Staats, C. ...
'' and ''
Anolis sagrei The brown anole (''Anolis sagrei''), also known commonly as the Cuban brown anole, or De la Sagra's anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to Cuba and the Bahamas. It has been widely introduced elsewhere, ...
'') *''P. giganteum'' - the rainbow
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
('' Agama agama''), the
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
n tropical lizard (''
Agama cyanogaster Religion *Āgama (Buddhism), a collection of Early Buddhist texts *Āgama (Hinduism), scriptures of several Hindu sects *Jain literature (Jain Āgamas), various canonical scriptures in Jainism Other uses * ''Agama'' (lizard), a genus of lizards ...
'')Southgate B.A. (1970) ''Plasmodium (Sauramoeba) giganteum'' in ''Agama cyanogaster'': a new host record. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64(1):12-13 *''P. gologoense'' -
chameleon Chameleons or chamaeleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of Old World lizards with 202 species described as of June 2015. The members of this family are best known for their distinct range of colors, bein ...
s *''P. gracilis'' -
skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. Ski ...
('' Tribolonotus gracilis'') *''P. guyannense'' - the iguanid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
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Plica plica ''Plica plica'' is a species of lizard in the family Tropiduridae, the Neotropical ground lizards. Its common names include collared tree lizard,Henderson RW, Murphy JC (2012)"The Collared Tree Lizard, ''Plica plica'' (Tropiduridae), on Grenada" ...
'') *''P. heischi'' - skinks (''
Mabuya striata The African striped skink (''Trachylepis striata''), commonly called the striped skink, is a species of lizard in the skink family ( Scincidae). The species is widespread in East Africa and Southern Africa. It is not a close relation to the Austr ...
'')Garnham P.C., Telford S.R. Jr. (1984) A new malaria parasite ''Plasmodium (Sauramoeba) heischi'' in skinks (''Mabuya striata'') from Nairobi, with a brief discussion of the distribution of malaria parasites in the family ''Scincidae''. J Protozool. 31(4):518-521. *''P. hispaniolae'' - ''
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
'' lizards *''P. holaspi'' - African flying
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
('' Holaspis guentheri'') *''P. iguanae'' - '' Iguana iguana iguana'' *''P. kentropyxi'' - teiid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
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Kentropyx calcarata ''Kentropyx calcarata'', commonly known as the striped forest whiptail, is a species of lizard endemic to South America.''Kentropyx calcarata'at the Reptile Database. Behavior ''Kentropyx calcarata'' commonly participate in communal nesting. ...
'') *''P. lacertiliae'' - crocodile
skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. Ski ...
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Tribolonotus ''Tribolonotus'' is a genus of lizards, commonly known as crocodile skinks. Geographic range Species in the genus ''Tribolonotus'' are found in New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands. Species The genus includes the foll ...
'' species) *''P. lainsoni'' - the
gecko Geckos are small, mostly carnivorous lizards that have a wide distribution, found on every continent except Antarctica. Belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, geckos are found in warm climates throughout the world. They range from . Geckos ar ...
('' Phyllodactylus ventralis'') *''P. lepidoptiformis'' - teiid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
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Kentropyx calcarata ''Kentropyx calcarata'', commonly known as the striped forest whiptail, is a species of lizard endemic to South America.''Kentropyx calcarata'at the Reptile Database. Behavior ''Kentropyx calcarata'' commonly participate in communal nesting. ...
'') *''P. lionatum'' - the flying gecko ('' Ptychozoon lionatum'') *''P. loveridgei'' - African gecko ('' Lygodactylus picturatus'') *''P. lygosomae'' -
skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. Ski ...
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Lygosoma moco ''Lygosoma'' is a genus of lizards, commonly known as supple skinks or writhing skinks, which are members of the family Scincidae. ''Lygosoma'' is the type genus of the subfamily Lygosominae. The common name, writhing skinks, refers to the way ...
'') *''P. mabuiae'' -
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
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skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. Ski ...
('' Mabuya quinquetaeiata'') *''P. mackerrasae'' -
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
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skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. Ski ...
s ('' Egernia cunninghami'', '' Egernia stokesii'' and '' Egernia striolata'') *''P. maculilabre'' -
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
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skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. Ski ...
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Mabuya ''Mabuya'' is a genus of long-tailed skinks restricted to species from various Caribbean islands. They are primarily carnivorous, though many are omnivorous. The genus is viviparous, having a highly evolved placenta that resembles that of eutheri ...
'' species) *''P. marginatum'' -
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
(''
Anolis frenatus ''Anolis frenatus'', the bridled anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with i ...
'') *''P. mexicanum'' - fence
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
s ('' Sceloporus occidentalis'') *''P. michikoa'' -
chameleon Chameleons or chamaeleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of Old World lizards with 202 species described as of June 2015. The members of this family are best known for their distinct range of colors, bein ...
s *''P. minasense'' -
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
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skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. Ski ...
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Mabuya agilis ''Mabuya'' is a genus of long-tailed skinks restricted to species from various Caribbean islands. They are primarily carnivorous, though many are omnivorous. The genus is viviparous, having a highly evolved placenta that resembles that of eutheri ...
'') *''P. minasense anolisi'' -
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
s ('' Anolis cybotes'', ''
Anolis distichus ''Anolis distichus'', the bark anole, North Caribbean bark anole, or Hispaniolan gracile anole, is a species of anole lizard () native to Hispaniola (both the Dominican Republic and Haiti) and the Bahamas, and Introduced species, introduced to Fl ...
'', ''
Anolis frenatus ''Anolis frenatus'', the bridled anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with i ...
'' and ''
Anolis limifrons ''Anolis limifrons'', also known commonly as the slender anole or the border anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to Central America. Geographic range ''A. limifrons'' is found in Guatemala, Belize, Hon ...
'') *''P. minasense calcaratae'' - teiid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
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Kentropyx calcarata ''Kentropyx calcarata'', commonly known as the striped forest whiptail, is a species of lizard endemic to South America.''Kentropyx calcarata'at the Reptile Database. Behavior ''Kentropyx calcarata'' commonly participate in communal nesting. ...
'') *''P. minasense capitoi'' -
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
('' Anolis capito'') *''P. minasense carinii'' - iguanid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
('' Iguana iguana'') *''P. minasense diminutivum'' - dwarf tegu
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
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Ameiva ameiva ''Ameiva ameiva'', also known as the giant ameiva, green ameiva, South American ground lizard, or Amazon racerunner, is a species of lizard in the family Teiidae found in Central, South America, and some Caribbean Islands. Geographic range It ...
'') *''P. minasense minasense'' -
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
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skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. Ski ...
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Mabuya mabouya The Greater Martinique skink (''Mabuya mabouya'') is a species of skink found on Martinique. It has shiny, bronze-colored skin, with a pair of light stripes that run along its upper flanks. It was previously thought to be widespread throughou ...
'') *''P. minasense plicae'' - olive tree runner
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
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Plica umbra ''Plica umbra'', the blue-lipped tree lizard or harlequin racerunner, is a species of lizard in the family (biology), family Tropiduridae. The species is found in South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Bolivi ...
'') *''P. minasense tegui'' - blue tengu
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
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Tupinambis teguixin The gold tegu, also known as the golden tegu, common tegu, black tegu, Colombian black and white tegu and tiger lizard (in Trinidad), is a species of tegu. Its old scientific name (synonym) was ''Tupinambis nigropunctatus'', but it has since rena ...
'') *''P. pelaezi'' - the iguanid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
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Urosaurus bicarinatus bicarinatus ''Urosaurus'' is a genus of lizards, commonly known as tree lizards or brush lizards, belonging to the New World family Phrynosomatidae. Description Species in the genus ''Urosaurus'' can be distinguished from members of the genus '' Sceloporu ...
'') *''P. pessoai'' - snakes ('' Spilotes pullatus'' and '' Lachesis muta'') *''P. pifanoi'' - the green ameiva lizard (''
Ameiva ameiva ''Ameiva ameiva'', also known as the giant ameiva, green ameiva, South American ground lizard, or Amazon racerunner, is a species of lizard in the family Teiidae found in Central, South America, and some Caribbean Islands. Geographic range It ...
'') and a teiid
lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
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Kentropyx calcarata ''Kentropyx calcarata'', commonly known as the striped forest whiptail, is a species of lizard endemic to South America.''Kentropyx calcarata'at the Reptile Database. Behavior ''Kentropyx calcarata'' commonly participate in communal nesting. ...
'') *''P. pitmani'' -
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
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skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. Ski ...
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Mabuya ''Mabuya'' is a genus of long-tailed skinks restricted to species from various Caribbean islands. They are primarily carnivorous, though many are omnivorous. The genus is viviparous, having a highly evolved placenta that resembles that of eutheri ...
'' species) *''P. rhadinurum'' - Iguana iguana iguana *''P. robinsoni'' - the
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Chameleon Chameleons or chamaeleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of Old World lizards with 202 species described as of June 2015. The members of this family are best known for their distinct range of colors, bein ...
('' Chamaelo parsoni crucifer'') *''P. sasai'' -
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Takydromus tachydromoides ''Takydromus tachydromoides'', the Japanese grass lizard, is a wall lizard species of the genus ''Takydromus''. It is found in Japan. Its Japanese name is 'kanahebi' (カナヘビ). 'Hebi' means 'snake' in Japanese, although this lizard is not a ...
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Takydromus smaragdinus ''Takydromus smaragdinus'', the green grass lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Lacertidae. Geographic range It is endemic to the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan, including the Tokara Islands Takarajima and Kodakarajima, the Amami Is ...
'') *''P. saurocaudatum'' - the many-lined sun skink ('' Mabuya multifasciata'') *''P. scorzai'' - the
gecko Geckos are small, mostly carnivorous lizards that have a wide distribution, found on every continent except Antarctica. Belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, geckos are found in warm climates throughout the world. They range from . Geckos ar ...
'' Phyllodactylus ventralis'' *''P. siamense'' -
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snake Snakes are elongated, Limbless vertebrate, limbless, carnivore, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes . Like all other Squamata, squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping Scale (zoology), scales. Ma ...
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Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
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skink Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae, a family in the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. Ski ...
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Tropidurus torquatus ''Tropidurus torquatus'' is a species of lizard in the family Tropiduridae, the Neotropical ground lizards. Its common name is Amazon lava lizard.Embert, D. 2010''Tropidurus torquatus''.In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version ...
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Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
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Anolis biporcatus ''Anolis biporcatus'', also known as the neotropical green anole or giant green anole, is a species of anole. It is found in forests, both disturbed and undisturbed, in Mexico, Central America, Colombia and Venezuela. More southern populations, ...
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Anolis frenatus ''Anolis frenatus'', the bridled anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with i ...
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Anolis limifrons ''Anolis limifrons'', also known commonly as the slender anole or the border anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to Central America. Geographic range ''A. limifrons'' is found in Guatemala, Belize, Hon ...
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Anolis poecilopus ''Anolis poecilopus'', the dappled anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Panama Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a trans ...
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Kentropyx calcarata ''Kentropyx calcarata'', commonly known as the striped forest whiptail, is a species of lizard endemic to South America.''Kentropyx calcarata'at the Reptile Database. Behavior ''Kentropyx calcarata'' commonly participate in communal nesting. ...
'') *''P. tropiduri aquaticum'' -
Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
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Anolis poecilopus ''Anolis poecilopus'', the dappled anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Panama Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a trans ...
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Anolis ''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to ...
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Anolis biporcatus ''Anolis biporcatus'', also known as the neotropical green anole or giant green anole, is a species of anole. It is found in forests, both disturbed and undisturbed, in Mexico, Central America, Colombia and Venezuela. More southern populations, ...
'') *''P. tropiduri tropiduri'' - '' Tropidurus hispidus'' *''P. robinsoni'' - the red-headed rock agama
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chameleon Chameleons or chamaeleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of Old World lizards with 202 species described as of June 2015. The members of this family are best known for their distinct range of colors, bein ...
s *''P. vacuolatum'' - the
rainforest Rainforests are characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire. Rainforest can be classified as tropical rainforest or temperate rainfores ...
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Plica umbra ''Plica umbra'', the blue-lipped tree lizard or harlequin racerunner, is a species of lizard in the family (biology), family Tropiduridae. The species is found in South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Bolivi ...
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lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
('' Draco volans'') *''P. volans'' - the flying
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('' Draco volans'') *''P. wenyoni'' -
snake Snakes are elongated, Limbless vertebrate, limbless, carnivore, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes . Like all other Squamata, squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping Scale (zoology), scales. Ma ...
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Subspecies

*''P. fairchildi'' - ''P. fairchildi fairchildi'' and ''P. fairchildi hispaniolae'' *''P. lygosomae'' - ''P. lygosomae nucleoversans'' and ''P. lygosomae nucleoversans'' *''P. minasense'' - ''P. minasense anolisi'', ''P. minasense capitoi'', ''P. minasense carinii'', *''P. minasense diminutivum'', ''P. minasense minasense'', ''P. minasense plicae'', and ''P. minasense tegui''.Telford S.R. Jr. (1979) A taxonomic revision of small neotropical saurian Malarias allied to ''Plasmodium minasense''. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 54(4):409-422 An additional subspecies ''P. minasense calcaratae'' has also been described.Telford S.R. Jr., Telford S.R. 3rd. (2003) Rediscovery and redescription of ''Plasmodium pifanoi'' and description of two additional ''Plasmodium'' parasites of Venezuelan lizards. J. Parasitol. 89(2):362-368 *''P. traguli'' - ''P. traguli traguli'' and ''P. traguli memmina''. *''P. tropiduri'' - ''P. tropiduri aquaticum'', ''P. tropiduri panamense'' and ''P. tropiduri tropiduri''.Telford S.R. Jr. (1979) A taxonomic reconsideration of some ''Plasmodium'' species from iguanid lizards. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 54(2):129-144


Vectors

Compared with those known for the species infecting humans, few vectors are known for these species. *''P. agamae'' - ''
Lutzomyia ''Lutzomyia'' is a genus of phlebotomine sand flies consisting of nearly 400 species, at least 33 of which have medical importance as vectors of human disease. Species of the genus ''Lutzomyia'' are found only in the New World, distributed in ...
'' or '' Culicoides'' species Culex: *'' Culex fatigans'' - ''P. rhadinurum'' Aedes: *''
Aedes aegypti ''Aedes aegypti'', the yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that can spread dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika fever, Mayaro and yellow fever viruses, and other disease agents. The mosquito can be recognized by black and white markings on its legs ...
'' - ''P. rhadinurum''


Interrelatedness

*''P. floridense'' is closely related to ''P. tropiduri'' and ''P. minasense''


References

{{Reflist List of Plasmodium species infecting reptiles