plWordNet is a lexico-semantic database of the Polish language. It includes sets of synonymous lexical units ( synsets) followed by short definitions. plWordNet serves as a thesaurus-dictionary where concepts (synsets) and individual word meanings ( lexical units) are defined by their location in the network of mutual relations, reflecting the lexico-semantic system of the Polish language. plWordNet is also used as one of the basic resources for the construction of

natural language processing Natural language processing (NLP) is an interdisciplinary subfield of linguistics, computer science, and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and human language, in particular how to program computers to pro ...

tools for Polish.

History

plWordNet is being developed at Wrocław University of Technology as part of CLARIN. The works have been carried out by The WrocU
Language Technology Group G4.19
since 2005, funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and by the EU. The thesaurus has been built from the 'ground up' by lexicographers and natural language engineers. The first version of plWordNet was published in 2009 – it contained 20,223 lemmas, 26,990 lexical units and 17,695 synsets. Version 4.0 was released in 2018. The most recent version i
plWordNet 4.2

Content

Currently, plWordNet contains 195k lemmas, 295k lexical units and 228k synsets.Detailed comparative statistics of plWN and PWN can be found at plWN webpage: http://plwordnet.pwr.wroc.pl/wordnet/stats ccess: 30.06.2014/ref> It has already outgrown

Princeton WordNet WordNet is a lexical database of semantic relations between words in more than 200 languages. WordNet links words into semantic relations including synonyms, hyponyms, and meronyms. The synonyms are grouped into '' synsets'' with short definiti ...

with respect to the number of lexical units. plWordNet consists of nouns (135k), verbs (21k), adjectives (29k) and adverbs (8k). Each meaning of a given word is a separate lexical unit. Units that represent the same concept, and do not differ significantly in stylistic register, have been combined into synsets - sets of synonyms. Each lexical unit is assigned to one of the domains (semantic categories), indicating its general meaning. plWordNet domains correspond to Princeton WordNet ''lexicographers' files''.

Semantic categories in plWordNet

Lexical unit description

Some lexical units are provided with the information about stylistic register, short definition, usage examples and link to the relevant Wikipedia article. The most important element defining words meanings ar
lexico-semantic and derivational relations
which hold between synsets and between lexical units. One synset groups such lexical units, which share the same set of relations.Maziarz M., Piasecki M., Szpakowicz S., Rabiega-Wiśniewska J., Semantic Relations Among Nouns in Polish Wordnet Grounded in Lexicographic and Semantic Tradition, Cognitive Studies/Études Cognitives, t, 11, s. 161-181, 2011. Based on the relations assigned to the synsets and units, tools for natural language processing can conclude about meaning of the lemma, which is important for example in word-sense disambiguation.

Selected noun relations

Polish synsets are connected to the corresponding Princeton WordNet synsets with a set of inter-lingual lexico-semantic relations (such as for instance synonymy, partial synonymy,

hyponymy In linguistics, semantics, general semantics, and ontologies, hyponymy () is a semantic relation between a hyponym denoting a subtype and a hypernym or hyperonym (sometimes called umbrella term or blanket term) denoting a supertype. In other wor ...

). 91 578 synsets have been mapped so far (which amounts to about 2/3 of plWordNet synsets, among which mainly nouns). The mapping enables the application of plWordNet in machine translation, e.g. in the online service offered by Google Translate. Mapping can be instrumental in leveraging textual analysis tools from English to Polish.

Applications

plWordNet is available on the

open access Open access (OA) is a set of principles and a range of practices through which research outputs are distributed online, free of access charges or other barriers. With open access strictly defined (according to the 2001 definition), or libre op ...

br>license
allowing free browsing. It has been made available to the users in the form of a
online dictionarymobile application
and web services. Some application of plWordNet: * constructing and developing tools for automatic language processing, * word-sense disambiguation (WSD), * automatic classification of texts, * machine translation, * aphasia treatment, * Polish-English and English-Polish dictionary, * Polish language semantic dictionary, * dictionary of

synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

s and thesaurus, * dictionary of

antonym In lexical semantics, opposites are words lying in an inherently incompatible binary relationship. For example, something that is ''long'' entails that it is not ''short''. It is referred to as a 'binary' relationship because there are two members ...

References

{{reflist Databases in Poland Polish-language mass media