In
religious studies and
sociology
Sociology is a social science that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of Interpersonal ties, social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. It uses various methods of Empirical ...
, the pizza effect is the phenomenon of elements of a nation's or people's culture being transformed or at least more fully embraced elsewhere, then re-exported to their culture of origin,
or the way in which a community's self-understanding is influenced by (or imposed by, or imported from) foreign sources.
Related phrases include "hermeneutical feedback loop", "re-enculturation", and "self-orientalization".
![BOURCARD(1858) p2](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/BOURCARD%281858%29_p2.172_-_IL_PIZZAIUOLO.jpg)
The term "pizza effect" was coined by the Austrian-born
Hindu
Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism.Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...
monk
A monk (, from el, μοναχός, ''monachos'', "single, solitary" via Latin ) is a person who practices religious asceticism by monastic living, either alone or with any number of other monks. A monk may be a person who decides to dedica ...
and professor of Anthropology at
Syracuse University
Syracuse University (informally 'Cuse or SU) is a Private university, private research university in Syracuse, New York. Established in 1870 with roots in the Methodist Episcopal Church, the university has been nonsectarian since 1920. Locate ...
,
Agehananda Bharati Swāmī Agehānanda Bhāratī (अगेहानन्द भारती) (Vienna, April 20, 1923 – New York, May 14, 1991) was the monastic name of Leopold Fischer, professor of anthropology at Syracuse University for over 30 years. He was an ...
,
who wrote the following in 1970,
based on his analysis of this phenomenon.
Although Bharati's knowledge of
pizza history was incorrect, the term ''pizza effect'' nonetheless stuck.
Examples
Original meaning
The original examples given by Agehananda Bharati mostly had to do with popularity and status:
* The
Apu trilogy
''The Apu Trilogy'' comprises three Indian Bengali-language drama films directed by Satyajit Ray: '' Pather Panchali'' (1955), ''Aparajito'' (1956) and ''The World of Apu'' (1959). The original music for the films was composed by Ravi Shankar ...
films of
Satyajit Ray
Satyajit Ray (; 2 May 1921 – 23 April 1992) was an Indian director, screenwriter, documentary filmmaker, author, essayist, lyricist, magazine editor, illustrator, calligrapher, and music composer. One of the greatest auteurs of fil ...
, which were flops in India before they were given prizes in
Western countries
The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to the various nations and states in the regions of Europe, North America, and Oceania. and re-evaluated as classics of the
Indian cinema
The Cinema of India consists of motion pictures produced in India, which had a large effect on world cinema since the late 20th century. Major centers of film production across the country include Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Ko ...
* The popularity in India of movements like those of
and
ISKCON
The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), known colloquially as the Hare Krishna movement or Hare Krishnas, is a Gaudiya Vaishnava Hindu religious organization. ISKCON was founded in 1966 in New York City by A. C. Bhaktive ...
based on their popularity in the West
* The popularity of
postural yoga in India
Yoga as exercise, Postural yoga began in India as a variant of traditional yoga, which was a mainly meditational practice; it has spread across the world and returned to the Indian subcontinent in different forms. The ancient ''Yoga Sutras of Pat ...
, several
gurus
Guru ( sa, गुरु, IAST: ''guru;'' Pali'': garu'') is a Sanskrit term for a "mentor, guide, expert, or master" of certain knowledge or field. In pan- Indian traditions, a guru is more than a teacher: traditionally, the guru is a reverenti ...
, and some other Indian systems and teachings following their popularity in the West
* The exalted status of the ''
Bhagavad Gita
The Bhagavad Gita (; sa, श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता, lit=The Song by God, translit=śrīmadbhagavadgītā;), often referred to as the Gita (), is a 700- verse Hindu scripture that is part of the epic ''Mahabharata'' (c ...
'' in Hinduism, where, although it was always highly regarded, it gained its current prominence only following Western attempts to identify a single canonical "Hindu Bible"
Contemporary understanding
Buddhism
The founders of the
Theosophical Society
The Theosophical Society, founded in 1875, is a worldwide body with the aim to advance the ideas of Theosophy in continuation of previous Theosophists, especially the Greek and Alexandrian Neo-Platonic philosophers dating back to 3rd century CE ...
,
Helena Blavatsky
Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, uk, Олена Петрівна Блаватська, Olena Petrivna Blavatska (; – 8 May 1891), often known as Madame Blavatsky, was a Russian mystic and author who co-founded the Theosophical Society in 187 ...
and
Henry Steel Olcott
Colonel Henry Steel Olcott (2 August 1832 – 17 February 1907) was an American military officer, journalist, lawyer, Freemason and the co-founder and first president of the Theosophical Society.
Olcott was the first well-known American of Euro ...
, were influenced by Eastern religions, then placed their headquarters in
Adyar, Chennai
Adyar is a large neighbourhood in south Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located on the southern banks of the Adyar River. It is surrounded by the Tharamani in the West, Tiruvanmiyur, Thiruvanmiyur to the South, Besant Nagar in the East, Kott ...
, from where they spread their views within India.
Similarly,
Buddhist modernism
Buddhist modernism (also referred to as modern Buddhism, modernist Buddhism, and Neo-Buddhism are new movements based on modern era reinterpretations of Buddhism. David McMahan states that modernism in Buddhism is similar to those found in other ...
or "Protestant Buddhism" was developed by Westerners who, according to scholar Stephen Jenkins, "mistook it for an indigenous Sri Lankan product", and they in turn influenced
Sri Lankan Buddhist Anagarika Dharmapala
Anagārika Dharmapāla (Pali: ''Anagārika'', ; Sinhala: Anagārika, lit., si, අනගාරික ධර්මපාල; 17 September 1864 – 29 April 1933) was a Sri Lankan Buddhist revivalist and a writer.
Anagarika Dharmapāla is not ...
, who, along with the Theosophical Society, was instrumental in spreading Buddhism in both India and the West.
According to scholar Kim Knott,
Mahatma Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist Quote: "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti- ...
"was not very interested in religion until he went to London to study law, where he studied the ''
Bhagavad Gita
The Bhagavad Gita (; sa, श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता, lit=The Song by God, translit=śrīmadbhagavadgītā;), often referred to as the Gita (), is a 700- verse Hindu scripture that is part of the epic ''Mahabharata'' (c ...
'' in English in
Sir Edwin Arnold's translation, and this deeply influenced his spiritual outlook."
The influence of translations by the British-based
Pali Text Society
The Pali Text Society is a text publication society founded in 1881 by Thomas William Rhys Davids "to foster and promote the study of Pāli texts".
Pāli is the language in which the texts of the Theravada school of Buddhism are preserved. The Pā ...
on South Asian Buddhism.
Mexico
Cholo culture is an invention of
Chicanos in California, especially Los Angeles. Today, the fashion of Cholos is finding its way into Mexico in a reinterpreted form.
The
Day of the Dead
The Day of the Dead ( es, Día de Muertos or ''Día de los Muertos'') is a holiday traditionally celebrated on November 1 and 2, though other days, such as October 31 or November 6, may be included depending on the locality. It is widely obser ...
parade in Mexico City was inspired by an event in the
James Bond
The ''James Bond'' series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors have ...
film ''
Spectre
Spectre, specter or the spectre may refer to:
Religion and spirituality
* Vision (spirituality)
* Apparitional experience
* Ghost
Arts and entertainment Film and television
* ''Spectre'' (1977 film), a made-for-television film produced and writ ...
'', which was fictional when the film was produced.
Ireland
![Traditional Irish halloween Jack-o'-lantern](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Traditional_Irish_halloween_Jack-o%27-lantern.jpg)
The creation of
jack-o'-lanterns
A jack-o'-lantern (or jack o'lantern) is a carved lantern, most commonly made from a pumpkin or a root vegetable such as a rutabaga or turnip. Jack-o'-lanterns are associated with the Halloween holiday. Its name comes from the reported phenomen ...
from turnips (
rutabaga
Rutabaga (; North American English) or swede (British English and some Commonwealth English) is a root vegetable, a form of ''Brassica napus'' (which also includes rapeseed). Other names include Swedish turnip, neep (Scots), and turnip (Scott ...
) was a
Halloween
Halloween or Hallowe'en (less commonly known as Allhalloween, All Hallows' Eve, or All Saints' Eve) is a celebration observed in many countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Saints' Day. It begins the observanc ...
custom in
Ireland
Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe, north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel (Grea ...
and parts of
Great Britain
Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world. It is ...
. Irish immigrants brought this tradition with them to the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
, and adapted it to use native
pumpkins
A pumpkin is a vernacular term for mature winter squash of species and varieties in the genus ''Cucurbita'' that has culinary and cultural significance but no agreed upon botanical or scientific meaning. The term ''pumpkin'' is sometimes use ...
instead of turnips. In time, pumpkins came to be used instead of turnips to create jack-o'-lanterns in Ireland and Great Britain.
St Patrick's Day
Saint Patrick's Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick ( ga, Lá Fhéile Pádraig, lit=the Day of the Festival of Patrick), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick (), the foremost patr ...
, and the
parade
A parade is a procession of people, usually organized along a street, often in costume, and often accompanied by marching bands, float (parade), floats, or sometimes large balloons. Parades are held for a wide range of reasons, but are usually ce ...
s associated with it, were first made festival events by
Irish Americans
, image = Irish ancestry in the USA 2018; Where Irish eyes are Smiling.png
, image_caption = Irish Americans, % of population by state
, caption = Notable Irish Americans
, population =
36,115,472 (10.9%) alone ...
; in fact,
Dublin
Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of th ...
did not hold a St Patrick's Day parade until 1931.
The
Irish traditional music
Irish traditional music (also known as Irish trad, Irish folk music, and other variants) is a genre of folk music that developed in Ireland.
In ''A History of Irish Music'' (1905), W. H. Grattan Flood wrote that, in Gaelic Ireland, there w ...
revival of the 1960s–70s was partially begun in America. The
leprechaun
A leprechaun ( ga, leipreachán/luchorpán) is a diminutive supernatural being in Irish folklore, classed by some as a type of solitary fairy. They are usually depicted as little bearded men, wearing a coat and hat, who partake in mischief. I ...
is a very minor figure in
Irish myth and folklore; they were popularized in Irish America and are only seen in
Ireland
Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe, north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel (Grea ...
in tourist contexts, such as in
souvenir shops and at the
National Leprechaun Museum.
Islam
The religious thought of
Ibn Rushd
Ibn Rushd ( ar, ; full name in ; 14 April 112611 December 1198), often Latinized as Averroes ( ), was an
Andalusian polymath and jurist who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psychology, ...
(Averroes), which was taken up by 19th-century Europeans such as
Ernest Renan
Joseph Ernest Renan (; 27 February 18232 October 1892) was a French Orientalist and Semitic scholar, expert of Semitic languages and civilizations, historian of religion, philologist, philosopher, biblical scholar, and critic. He wrote influe ...
, and thereby regained popularity during the
Nahda
The Nahda ( ar, النهضة, translit=an-nahḍa, meaning "the Awakening"), also referred to as the Arab Awakening or Enlightenment, was a cultural movement that flourished in Arabic-speaking regions of the Ottoman Empire, notably in Egypt, Leb ...
, the Islamic renaissance.
Analyst
Mark Sedgwick
Mark J. Sedgwick (born 20 July 1960) is a British historian specialising in the study of traditionalism, Islam, Sufi mysticism, and terrorism. He is Professor of Arab and Islamic Studies at Aarhus University in Denmark and chair of the Nordic S ...
wrote that
Islamist terrorism
Islamic terrorism (also known as Islamist terrorism or radical Islamic terrorism) refers to terrorist acts with religious motivations carried out by fundamentalist militant Islamists and Islamic extremists.
Incidents and fatalities fr ...
, and specifically
suicide bombing
A suicide attack is any violent attack, usually entailing the attacker detonating an explosive, where the attacker has accepted their own death as a direct result of the attacking method used. Suicide attacks have occurred throughout histor ...
, can be seen as examples, beginning as isolated interpretations of the concept of
shahid
''Shaheed'' ( , , ; pa, ਸ਼ਹੀਦ) denotes a martyr in Islam. The word is used frequently in the Quran in the generic sense of "witness" but only once in the sense of "martyr" (i.e. one who dies for his faith); ...
, or martyrdom, then being re-exported to the greater Muslim world.
Other examples
Teppanyaki
, often confused with , is a post-World War II style of Japanese cuisine that uses an iron griddle to cook food. The word ''teppanyaki'' is derived from ''teppan'' ( 鉄板), the metal plate on which it is cooked, and ''yaki'' ( 焼き), whic ...
, a Western-influenced cuisine style created in Japan, popular in the U.S.
Salsa music
Salsa music is a style of Latin American music. Because most of the basic musical components predate the labeling of salsa, there have been many controversies regarding its origin. Most songs considered as salsa are primarily based on son montun ...
: the first salsa bands were mainly
Puerto Ricans
Puerto Ricans ( es, Puertorriqueños; or boricuas) are the people of Puerto Rico, the inhabitants, and citizens of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and their descendants.
Overview
The culture held in common by most Puerto Ricans is referred t ...
who moved to New York in the 1930s.
''
Haoqiu zhuan
''Haoqiu zhuan'' (translated into English variously as ''The Fortunate Union'' or ''The Pleasing History''), also known as ''Hau Kiou Chuaan'', is a Chinese ''caizi jiaren'' (scholar and beauty) novel published in the 17th century.Epstein, Maram ...
'', a Chinese novel. James St. André, author of "Modern Translation Theory and Past Translation Practice: European Translations of the ''Haoqiu zhuan''", wrote that in China the novel was originally "considered second-rate fiction and stood in danger of being completely forgotten with changes in literary taste in the early twentieth century."
He stated that the fact there had been interest in translating the novel into English "gave life and fame" to ''Haoqiu zhuan'' and therefore affected its standing in China.
Variants
Scholar Jørn Borup wrote about an "inverted pizza-effect", when a society's modification of another culture gets further re-modified by that same society, such as European philosophers including
Martin Heidegger
Martin Heidegger (; ; 26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher who is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. He is among the most important and influential philosophers of the 20th centur ...
"appear to have been significantly inspired by
Eastern thought
Eastern philosophy or Asian philosophy includes the various philosophies that originated in East and South Asia, including Chinese philosophy, Japanese philosophy, Korean philosophy, and Vietnamese philosophy; which are dominant in East Asia, ...
– an Eastern thought itself presented through '
Protestant
Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...
' or
'Western' eyes. This transformation is naturally not a unique phenomenon in
religious studies, where interpretations, re-interpretations and inventions are seen as common characteristics of religion."
Stephen Jenkins noted that the feedback phenomenon could continue; in the case of pizza, he wrote that the return of pizza to Italy again influenced
American cuisine
American cuisine consists of the cooking style and traditional dishes prepared in the United States. It has been significantly influenced by Europeans, indigenous Native Americans, Africans, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and many other cultures an ...
: "pizza-loving American tourists,
going to Italy in the millions, sought out authentic Italian pizza. Italians, responding to this demand, developed
pizzeria
A pizzeria is a restaurant focusing on pizza. As well as pizza, dishes at pizzerias can include kebab, salads and pasta.
Many pizzerias offer take-away, where the customer orders their food either in advance or at the restaurant and then take ...
s to meet American expectations. Delighted with their discovery of 'authentic' Italian pizza, Americans subsequently developed chains of 'authentic' Italian
brick-oven pizzerias. Hence, Americans met their own reflection in the other and were delighted."
Jim Douglas
James Holley Douglas (born June 21, 1951) is an American politician from the state of Vermont. A Republican, he served the 80th governor of Vermont from 2003 to 2011. On August 27, 2009, Douglas announced that he would not seek re-election fo ...
, familiar with Bharati's thesis, applied it to
blues
Blues is a music genre and musical form which originated in the Deep South of the United States around the 1860s. Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads from the Afr ...
music originating in the United States before 1960. The music of
African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of ens ...
artists like Robert Johnson, Muddy Waters, etc. went over to England, where it was embraced by rock musicians. Then, this re-packaged blues
came back to the US presented by the Rolling Stones, Cream, Led Zeppelin, etc. in the late 1960s where it was embraced by Americans (who had never heard of Robert Johnson, etc.). Later, some of these Americans discovered the roots of the British blues-rock in the recordings of the original American Blues artists. Some of those influenced by this British Invasion went on to form
garage rock
Garage rock (sometimes called garage punk or 60s punk) is a raw and energetic style of rock and roll that flourished in the mid-1960s, most notably in the United States and Canada, and has experienced a series of subsequent revivals. The sty ...
bands, which later influenced the first wave of punk music in the UK.
See also
*
Coals to Newcastle
Selling, carrying, bringing, or taking coal(s) to Newcastle is an idiom of United Kingdom, British origin describing a pointless action.[Invented tradition
Invented traditions are cultural practices that are presented or perceived as traditional, arising from the people starting in the distant past, but which in fact are relatively recent and often even consciously invented by identifiable historical ...](_bl ...<br></span></div>
* <div class=)
*
Transculturation
Transculturation is a term coined by Cuban anthropologist Fernando Ortiz in 1940 (from the article Our America by José Martí) to describe the phenomenon of merging and converging cultures. Transculturation encompasses more than transition from ...
References
{{Reflist, 2, refs=
[{{Cite journal, publisher = Association for Asian Studies, year = 1970, author1 = Agehananda Bharati, jstor = 2942625, issue = 2, volume = 29, pages = 267–287, title = The Hindu Renaissance and its Apologetic Patterns, journal = The Journal of Asian Studies, doi = 10.2307/2942625]
[David Agren, October 30, 2016, The Guardian]
Mexico City's James Bond-inspired Day of the Dead parade gets mixed reviews
retrieved October 28, 2018.
[{{citation , year=2004 , chapter = Zen and the Art of Inverting Orientalism , author1=Jørn Borup , title = Regional, Critical, and Historical Approaches , publisher=Walter de Gruyter , isbn=3-11-017698-X , page=477 , doi = 10.1515/9783110211702.3.451 , chapter-url=http://www.reference-global.com/doi/abs/10.1515/9783110211702.3.451
]
[
{{citation , author=Agehananda Bharati , contribution=Indian Expatriates in North America and neo-Hindu Movements , year=1980 , title = The Communication of Ideas , editor1=Vinayshil Gautam , editor2= J. S. Yadava , publisher=Concept Publishing Company , page=245 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=waWQ8mAUrC8C&pg=PA245
]
[
{{citation , year=1996 , title = An introduction to Hinduism , author1=Gavin D. Flood , publisher=Cambridge University Press , isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 , page=267 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&q=%22pizza+effect%22&pg=PA267]
[{{Cite web , title=Leprechauns versus Irish fairies on St. Patrick's Day , url=http://www.irishcentral.com/culture/craic/irish-fairies-leprechauns-st-patricks-day , date=March 6, 2020 , website=IrishCentral.com]
[
{{citation, author1=Stephen Jenkins, title=Teaching Buddhism in the West: from the wheel to the Web, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49y9kQ8Yo3cC, year=2002, isbn=9780700715565, editor1=Victor Sōgen Hori, contribution=Black ships, Blavatsky, and the Pizza effect: critical self-consciousness as a thematic foundation for courses in Buddhist studies, editor2=Richard P. Hayes, editor3=James Mark Shields
]
[{{citation, author1=Kim Knott, title=Hinduism: a very short introduction, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wv8XK_GU9icC&q=wonders&pg=PA78, page=78, year=2000, publisher=Oxford University Press, isbn=978-0-19-285387-5]
[
{{citation , year=1999 , title = A brief introduction to Islamic philosophy , author1=Oliver Leaman , publisher=Wiley-Blackwell , isbn=978-0-7456-1961-3 , page=150 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COolNy1Aub8C&q=%22pizza+effect%22&pg=PA150
]
[Aoife McElwain]
Halloween: Forget pumpkins – carved turnips are truly frightening
(October 27, 2018). ''Irish Times''. Retrieved March 3rd 2020.
[{{Cite web , last=O'Brien, first=John, date=October 6, 2019 , title=Where Did The U.S. Find Its Leprechaun? , url=https://ohioirishamericannews.com/2019/10/06/where-did-the-u-s-find-its-leprechaun/ , website=News and Events - Ohio Irish American News]
[{{Cite web , last=O'Connell , first=Ronan , date=August 20, 2020 , title=Sidhe Fairies Are Truly Part of Irish Mythology, Not Leprechauns , url=https://www.fodors.com/world/europe/ireland/experiences/news/forget-leprechauns-these-fairies-rule-ireland , website=Fodors Travel Guide]
[
{{citation , year=2003 , title = Action dharma: new studies in engaged Buddhism , editor1=Christopher S. Queen , editor2=Charles S. Prebish , editor3=Damien Keown , publisher=Routledge , isbn=978-0-7007-1594-7 , page=33 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WP4RcKcEm2QC&q=%22pizza+effect%22&pg=PA33
]
[{{cite journal , url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2007/issue-6/19-125-1-pb.pdf , title=Islamist Terrorism and the "Pizza Effect" , first=Mark , last=Sedgwick , date=December 2007 , journal=Perspectives on Terrorism , volume=I , issue=6]
[St. André, James. "Modern Translation Theory and Past Translation Practice: European Translations of the ''Haoqiu zhuan''" (Chapter 2). In: Chan, Leo Tak-hung (editor). ''One Into Many: Translation and the Dissemination of Classical Chinese Literature'' (Issue 18 of Approaches to translation studies). Rodopi, 2003. Start page 39. {{ISBN, 9042008156, 9789042008151. p]
39
[{{Cite web, title=Getting My Irish Up , url=http://trektrebek.weebly.com/1/post/2013/03/getting-my-irish-up.html , website=Trekking and Trebeking]
[{{Cite book , last=Watkins , first=Amanda , url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/880356978 , title=Cholombianos, date=2014 , publisher=Trilce Ediciones , isbn=978-607-7663-64-5 , oclc=880356978]
[
{{citation, author1=David Gordon White, title=Myths of the dog-man, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLJ-aiwT0CsC&q=%22pizza+effect%22&pg=PA267, page=267, year=1991, publisher=University of Chicago Press, isbn=978-0-226-89509-3
]
Religious studies
Metaphors referring to food and drink
Global culture
Cultural studies